Cheshire charge in (3+1)-D topological phases

Abstract

We show that (3+1)-dimensional topological phases of matter generically support loop excitations with topological degeneracy. The loops carry "Cheshire charge": topological charge that is not the integral of a locally-defined topological charge density. Cheshire charge has previously been discussed in non-Abelian gauge theories, but we show that it is a generic feature of all (3+1)-D topological phases (even those constructed from an Abelian gauge group). Indeed, Cheshire charge is closely related to non-trivial three-loop braiding. We use a dimensional reduction argument to compute the topological degeneracy of loop excitations in the (3+1)-dimensional topological phases associated with Dijkgraaf-Witten gauge theories. We explicitly construct membrane operators associated with such excitations in soluble microscopic lattice models in ${\mathbb{Z}}_2\times {\mathbb{Z}}_2$ Dijkgraaf-Witten phases and generalize this construction to arbitrary membrane-net models. We explain why these loop excitations are the objects in the braided fusion 2-category $Z({2Vect}_G^{\omega })$, thereby supporting the hypothesis that 2-categories are the correct mathematical framework for (3+1)-dimensional topological phases.

10 pages + 7 pages appendices. v2 fix typos, more references, new section on fusion rule interpretation of Cheshire charge

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