Rotating Bose-Einstein condensates with a finite number of atoms confined in a ring potential: Spontaneous symmetry breaking, beyond the mean-field approximation

Abstract

Motivated by recent experiments on Bose-Einstein condensed atoms which rotate in annular/toroidal traps we study the effect of the finiteness of the atom number $N$ on the states of lowest energy for a fixed expectation value of the angular momentum, under periodic boundary conditions. To attack this problem, we develop a general strategy, considering a linear superposition of the eigenstates of the many-body Hamiltonian, with amplitudes that we extract from the mean field approximation. This many-body state breaks the symmetry of the Hamiltonian, it has the same energy to leading order in $N$ as the mean-field state and the corresponding eigenstate of the Hamiltonian, however it has a lower energy to subleading order in $N$ and thus it is energetically favorable.

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Cited by in corpus (7)

• Vortex-ring quantum droplets in a radially-periodic potential
• Analysis of a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate in terms of position, momentum, and angular-momentum variance
• Quantum dark solitons in the one-dimensional Bose gas
• Condensates in annuli: Dimensionality of the variance
• Spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates in a toroidal trap: even-petal-number necklacelike state and persistent flow
• Rotation quenches in trapped bosonic systems
• Finite-size effects in the dynamics of few bosons in a ring potential