Berry phase, Berry Connection, and Chern Number for a Continuum Bianisotropic Material from a Classical Electromagnetics Perspective

Abstract

The properties that quantify photonic topological insulators (PTIs), Berry phase, Berry connection, and Chern number, are typically obtained by making analogies between classical Maxwell's equations and the quantum mechanical Schrödinger equation, writing both in Hamiltonian form. However, the aforementioned quantities are not necessarily quantum in nature, and for photonic systems they can be explained using only classical concepts. Here we provide a derivation and description of PTI quantities using classical Maxwell's equations, we demonstrate how an electromagnetic mode can acquire Berry phase, and we discuss the ramifications of this effect. We consider several examples, including wave propagation in a biased plasma, and radiation by a rotating isotropic emitter. These concepts are discussed without invoking quantum mechanics, and can be easily understood from an engineering electromagnetics perspective.

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• Physical Violations of the Bulk-Edge Correspondence in Topological Electromagnetics
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• Spontaneous lateral atomic recoil force close to a photonic topological material
• Non-local topological electromagnetic phases of matter
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• The Schrödinger Formalism of Electromagnetism and Other Classical Waves --- How to Make Quantum-Wave Analogies Rigorous
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• Coupled Topological Surface Modes in Gyrotropic Structures: Green's Function Analysis
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• Lateral Optical Forces on Linearly-Polarized Emitters near a Reciprocal Substrate
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• Long-lived qubit entanglement by surface plasmon polaritons in a Weyl semimetal
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• Electromagnetism at finite temperature: a density operator approach