Isotope effect in superconducting n-doped SrTiO${}_3$

Abstract

We report the influence on the superconducting critical temperature $T_c$ in doped SrTiO${}_3$ of the substitution of the natural ${}^{16}$O atoms by the heavier isotope ${}^{18}$O. We observe that for a wide range of doping this substitution causes a strong ($\sim 50\%$) enhancement of $T_c$. Also the magnetic critical field $H_{c2}$ is increased by a factor $\sim 2$. Such a strong impact on $T_c$ and $H_{c2}$, with a sign opposite to conventional superconductors, is unprecedented. The observed effect could be the consequence of strong coupling of the doped electrons to lattice vibrations (phonons), a notion which finds support in numerous optical and photo-emission studies. The unusually large size of the observed isotope effect supports a recent model for superconductivity in these materials based on strong coupling to the ferroelectric soft modes of SrTiO${}_3$.