A breather construction for a semilinear curl-curl wave equation with radially symmetric coefficients

Abstract

We consider the semilinear curl-curl wave equation $s(x) \partial_t^2 U +\nabla\times\nabla\times U + q(x) U \pm V(x) |U|^{p-1} U = 0 \mbox{ for } (x,t)\in \mathbb{R}^3\times\mathbb{R}$. For any $p>1$ we prove the existence of time-periodic spatially localized real-valued solutions (breathers) both for the $+$ and the $-$ case under slightly different hypotheses. Our solutions are classical solutions that are radially symmetric in space and decay exponentially to $0$ as $|x|\to \infty$. Our method is based on the fact that gradient fields of radially symmetric functions are annihilated by the curl-curl operator. Consequently, the semilinear wave equation is reduced to an ODE with $r=|x|$ as a parameter. This ODE can be efficiently analyzed in phase space. As a side effect of our analysis, we obtain not only one but a full continuum of phase-shifted breathers $U(x,t+a(x))$, where $U$ is a particular breather and $a:{\mathbb{R}}^3\to \mathbb{R}$ an arbitrary radially symmetric $C^2$-function.