The novel properties of SF${}_6$ for directional dark matter experiments

Abstract

SF${}_6$ is an inert and electronegative gas that has a long history of use in high voltage insulation and numerous other industrial applications. Although SF${}_6$ is used as a trace component to introduce stability in tracking chambers, its highly electronegative properties have limited its use in tracking detectors. In this work we present a series of measurements with SF${}_6$ as the primary gas in a low pressure Time Projection Chamber (TPC), with a thick GEM used as the avalanche and readout device. The first results of an ${}^{55}$Fe energy spectrum in SF${}_6$ are presented. Measurements of the mobility and longitudinal diffusion confirm the negative ion drift of SF${}_6$. However, the observed waveforms have a peculiar but interesting structure that indicates multiple drift species and a dependence on the reduced field ($E/p$), as well as on the level of water vapor contamination. The discovery of a distinct secondary peak in the waveform, together with its identification and use for fiducializing events in the TPC, are also presented. Our measurements demonstrate that SF${}_6$ is an ideal gas for directional dark matter detection. In particular, the high fluorine content is desirable for spin-dependent sensitivity, negative ion drift ensures low diffusion over large drift distances, and the multiple species of charge carriers allow for full detector fiducialization.