Strong modularity of reducible Galois representations

Abstract

In this paper, we call strongly modular those reducible semi-simple odd mod $l$ Galois representations for which the conclusion of the strongest form of Serre's original modularity conjecture holds. Under the assumption that the Serre weight $k$ satisfies $l\textgreater{}k+1$, we give a precise characterization of strongly modular representations, hence generalizing a classical theorem of Ribet pertaining to the case of conductor $1$.When the representation $\rho$ is not strongly modular, we give a necessary and sufficient condition on the primes $p$ not dividing $Nl$ for which it arises in level $Np$, where $N$ denotes the conductor of $\rho$. This generalizes a result of Mazur on the case $(N,k)=(1,2)$.

Revised version. To appear in Trans. Amer. Math. Soc