Disorder-induced two-step melting of vortex matter in Co-intercalated NbSe${}_2$ single crystals

Abstract

Disorder induced melting, where the increase in positional entropy created by random pinning sites drives the order-disorder transition in a periodic solid, provides an alternate route to the more conventional thermal melting. Here, using real space imaging of the vortex lattice through scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we show that in the presence of weak pinning, the vortex lattice in a type II superconductor disorders through two distinct topological transitions. Across each transition, we separately identify metastable states formed through superheating of the low temperature state or supercooling of the high temperature state. Comparing crystals with different levels of pinning we conclude that the two-step melting is fundamentally associated with the presence of random pinning which generates topological defects in the ordered vortex lattice.

Expanded and with new data added

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• Quantum phase transition in few-layer NbSe${}_2$ probed through quantized conductance fluctuations
• Metastability and hysteretic vortex pinning near the order-disorder transition in NbSe${}_2$: An interplay between plastic and elastic energy barriers?
• Signatures of two-step impurity mediated vortex lattice melting in Bose-Einstein Condensates
• Anomalous peak effect in iron-based superconductors Ba${}_{1-x}$K${}_x$Fe${}_2$As${}_2$ ($x\approx$ 0.69 and 0.76) for magnetic-field directions close to the $ab$ plane and its possible relation to the spin paramagnetic effect
• Inverse melting and re-entrant transformations of the vortex lattice in amorphous Re6Zr thin film
• Quantum Vortex States in Bose Hubbard Model With Rotation
• Controlling Vortex Lattice Structure of Binary Bose-Einstein Condensates via Disorder Induced Vortex Pinning