Thermodynamic entropy as a Noether invariant

Abstract

We study a classical many-particle system with an external control represented by a time-dependent extensive parameter in a Lagrangian. We show that thermodynamic entropy of the system is uniquely characterized as the Noether invariant associated with a symmetry for an infinitesimal non-uniform time translation $t\to t+\eta \hslash \beta$, where $\eta$ is a small parameter, $\hslash$ is the Planck constant, $\beta$ is the inverse temperature that depends on the energy and control parameter, and trajectories in the phase space are restricted to those consistent with quasi-static processes in thermodynamics.

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