A particle-based hybrid code for planet formation

Abstract

We introduce a new particle-based hybrid code for planetary accretion. The code uses an $N$-body routine for interactions with planetary embryos while it can handle a large number of planetesimals using a super-particle approximation, in which a large number of small planetesimals are represented by a small number of tracers. Tracer-tracer interactions are handled by a statistical routine which uses the phase-averaged stirring and collision rates. We compare hybrid simulations with analytic predictions and pure $N$-body simulations for various problems in detail and find good agreements for all cases. The computational load on the portion of the statistical routine is comparable to or less than that for the $N$-body routine. The present code includes an option of hit-and-run bouncing but not fragmentation, which remains for future work.

82 pages, 16 figures, published in Icarus

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• Importance of Giant Impact Ejecta for Orbits of Planets Formed during the Giant Impact Era
• Onset of oligarchic growth and implication for accretion histories of dwarf planets
• N-body simulations of terrestrial planet growth with resonant dynamical friction
• Protoplanet Collisions: Statistical Properties of Ejecta
• Architectures of planetary systems formed by pebble accretion