A large spectroscopic sample of L and T dwarfs from UKIDSS LAS: peculiar objects, binaries, and space density

Abstract

We present the spectroscopic analysis of a large sample of late-M, L, and T dwarfs from UKIDSS. Using the YJHK photometry from ULAS and the red-optical photometry from SDSS we selected a sample of 262 brown dwarf candidates and we followed-up 196 of them using X-shooter on the VLT. The large wavelength coverage (0.30-2.48 $\mu$m) and moderate resolution (R~5000-9000) of X-shooter allowed us to identify peculiar objects including 22 blue L dwarfs, 2 blue T dwarfs, and 2 low gravity M dwarfs. Using a spectral indices-based technique we identified 27 unresolved binary candidates, for which we determined the spectral type of the potential components via spectral deconvolution. The spectra allowed us to measure the equivalent width of the prominent absorption features and to compare them to atmospheric models. Cross-correlating the spectra with a radial velocity standard, we measured the radial velocity for our targets, and we determined the distribution of the sample, which is centred at -1.7$\pm$1.2 km s${}^{-1}$ with a dispersion of 31.5 km s${}^{-1}$. Using our results we estimated the space density of field brown dwarfs and compared it with the results of numerical simulations. Depending on the binary fraction, we found that there are (0.85$\pm$0.55) x 10${}^{-3}$ to (1.00$\pm$0.64) x 10${}^{-3}$ objects per cubic parsec in the L4-L6.5 range, (0.73$\pm$0.47) x 10${}^{-3}$ to (0.85$\pm$0.55) x 10${}^{-3}$ objects per cubic parsec in the L7-T0.5 range, and (0.74$\pm$0.48) x 10${}^{-3}$ to (0.88$\pm$0.56) x 10${}^{-3}$ objects per cubic parsec in the T1-T4.5 range. There seem to be an excess of objects in the L/T transition with respect to the late T dwarfs, a discrepancy that could be explained assuming a higher binary fraction than expected for the L/T transition, or that objects in the high-mass end and low-mass end of this regime form in different environments, i.e. following different IMFs.

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• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs. I. Six new L subdwarfs, classification and atmospheric properties
• The Gaia Ultra-Cool Dwarf Sample -- II: Structure at the end of the main sequence
• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs - VI. Population properties of metal-poor degenerate brown dwarfs
• Ultracool dwarf benchmarks with \emph{Gaia} primaries
• The Effect of Atmospheric Cooling on the Vertical Velocity Dispersion and Density Distribution of Brown Dwarfs
• Differential Astrometric Framework for the Jupiter Relativistic Experiment with Gaia
• Low-resolution near-infrared spectroscopic signatures of unresolved ultracool companions to M dwarfs