Theories of phosphorescence in organo-transition metal complexes - from relativistic effects to simple models and design principles for organic light-emitting diodes

Abstract

We review theories of phosphorescence in cyclometalated complexes. We focus primarily on pseudooctahedrally coordinated $t_{2g}^6$ metals (e.g., [Os(II)(bpy)${}_3$]${}^{2+}$, Ir(III)(ppy)${}_3$ and Ir(III)(ptz)${}_3$) as, for reasons that are explored in detail, these show particularly strong phosphorescence. We discuss both first principles approaches and semi-empirical models, e.g., ligand field theory. We show that together these provide a clear understanding of the photophysics and in particular the lowest energy triplet excitation, T${}_1$. In order to build a good model relativistic effects need to be included. The role of spin-orbit coupling is well-known, but scalar relativistic effects are also large - and are therefore also introduced and discussed. No expertise in special relativity or relativistic quantum mechanics is assumed and a pedagogical introduction to these subjects is given. It is shown that, once both scalar relativistic effects and spin-orbit coupling are included, time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) provides quantitatively accurate predictions of the radiative decay rates of the substates of T${}_1$ in phosphorescent organotranstion-metal complexes. We describe the pseudo-angular momentum model, and show that it reproduces the key experimental findings. For example, this model provides a simple explanation of the relative radiative rates of the substates of T${}_1$, which differ by orders of magnitude. Special emphasis is placed on materials with potential applications as active materials in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and principles for the design of new complexes are identified on the basis of the insights provided by the theories reviewed. We discuss the remaining theoretical challenges, which include deepening our understanding of solvent effects and, vitally, understanding and predicting non-radiative decay rates.

arXiv comment72 pages, 29 figures

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Cited by in corpus (9)

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• General Approach To Compute Phosphorescent OLED Efficiency
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• Spin-orbit coupling and strong electronic correlations in cyclic molecules
• Conservation laws, radiative decay rates, and excited state localization in organometallic complexes with strong spin-orbit coupling
• Spin-orbit coupling in {Mo${}_3$S${}_7$(dmit)${}_3$}
• Topological quantum phase transition driven by anisotropic spin-orbit coupling in trinuclear organometallic coordination crystals
• Effects of anisotropy in spin molecular-orbital coupling on effective spin models of trinuclear organometallic complexes
• Photoinduced Anomalous Coulomb Blockade and the Role of Triplet States in Electron Transport through an Irradiated Molecular Transistor II: Effects of Electron-Phonon Coupling and Vibrational Relaxation