Chondrule destruction in nebular shocks

Abstract

Chondrules are millimeter-sized silicate spherules ubiquitous in primitive meteorites, but whose origin remains mysterious. One of the main proposed mechanisms for producing them is melting of solids in shock waves in the gaseous protoplanetary disk. However, evidence is mounting that chondrule-forming regions were enriched in solids well above solar abundances. Given the high velocities involved in shock models destructive collisions would be expected between differently sized grains after passage of the shock front as a result of differential drag. We investigate the probability and outcome of collisions of particles behind a 1D shock using analytic methods as well as a full integration of the coupled mass, momentum, energy and radiation equations. Destruction of protochondrules seems unavoidable for solid/gas ratios $\epsilon \gtrsim 0.1$, and possibly even for solar abundances because of "sandblasting" by finer dust. A flow with $\epsilon \gtrsim 10$ requires much smaller shock velocities ($\sim 2$ vs 8 km s${}^{-1}$) in order to achieve chondrule-melting temperatures, and radiation trapping allows slow cooling of the shocked fragments. Initial destruction would still be extensive; although re-assembly of mm-sized particles would naturally occur by grain sticking afterward, the compositional heterogeneity of chondrules may be difficult to reproduce. We finally note that solids passing through small-scale bow shocks around few-km-sized planetesimals might experience partial melting and yet escape fragmentation.

arXiv comment18 pages, 12 figures. Accepted to the Astrophysical Journal

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Cited by in corpus (12)

• Collisions and compositional variability in chondrule-forming events
• Dust dynamics in 2D gravito-turbulent disks
• Spontaneous concentrations of solids through two-way drag forces between gas and sedimenting particles
• Compound Chondrules fused Cold
• Compound chondrule formation in optically thin shock waves
• Limits on Protoplanet Growth by Accretion of Small Solids
• Making Terrestrial Planets: High Temperatures, FU Orionis Outbursts, Earth, and Planetary System Architectures
• The motion of chondrules and other particles in a protoplanetary disc with temperature fluctuations
• Constrained Evolution of a Radially Magnetized Protoplanetary Disk: Implications for Planetary Migration
• Igneous Rim Accretion on Chondrules in Low-Velocity Shock Waves
• Oxygen Isotope Exchange Between Molten Silicate Spherules and Ambient Water Vapor with Nonzero Relative Velocity: Implication for Chondrule Formation Environment
• Fine-grained rim formation via kinetic dust aggregation in shock waves around evaporating icy planetesimals