Modeling and predicting the shape of the far-infrared to submillimeter emission in ultra-compact HII regions and cold clumps

Abstract

Dust properties are very likely affected by the environment in which dust grains evolve. For instance, some analyses of cold clumps (7 K- 17 K) indicate that the aggregation process is favored in dense environments. However, studying warm (30 K-40 K) dust emission at long wavelength ($\lambda$$>$300 $\mu$m) has been limited because it is difficult to combine far infared-to-millimeter (FIR-to-mm) spectral coverage and high angular resolution for observations of warm dust grains. Using Herschel data from 70 to 500 $\mu$m, which are part of the Herschel infrared Galactic (Hi-GAL) survey combined with 1.1 mm data from the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS), we compared emission in two types of environments: ultra-compact HII (UCHII) regions, and cold molecular clumps (denoted as cold clumps). With this comparison we tested dust emission models in the FIR-to-mm domain that reproduce emission in the diffuse medium, in these two environments (UCHII regions and cold clumps). We also investigated their ability to predict the dust emission in our Galaxy. We determined the emission spectra in twelve UCHII regions and twelve cold clumps, and derived the dust temperature (T) using the recent two-level system (TLS) model with three sets of parameters and the so-called T-$\beta$ (temperature-dust emissvity index) phenomenological models, with $\beta$ set to 1.5, 2 and 2.5. We tested the applicability of the TLS model in warm regions for the first time. This analysis indicates distinct trends in the dust emission between cold and warm environments that are visible through changes in the dust emissivity index. However, with the use of standard parameters, the TLS model is able to reproduce the spectral behavior observed in cold and warm regions, from the change of the dust temperature alone, whereas a T-$\beta$ model requires $\beta$ to be known.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in A&A. 19 pages, 8 figures, 7 tables

References in corpus (35)

• The Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on the Herschel Space Observatory
• Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. II. The Diffuse Interstellar Medium
• Clouds, filaments and protostars: the Herschel Hi-GAL Milky Way
• The Boston University-Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory Galactic Ring Survey
• Hi-GAL: the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey
• Extrapolation of Galactic Dust Emission at 100 Microns to CMBR Frequencies Using FIRAS
• IRIS: A new generation of IRAS maps
• The global dust SED: Tracing the nature and evolution of dust with DustEM
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey: Survey Description and Data Reduction
• Non-Standard Grain Properties, Dark Gas Reservoir, and Extended Submillimeter Excess, Probed by Herschel in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• FAR-INFRARED SPECTRAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE GALAXY BY COBE
• The Effect of Line of Sight Temperature Variation and Noise on Dust Continuum Observations
• ISM Properties in Low-Metallicity Environments III. The Dust Spectral Energy Distributions of II Zw 40, He 2-10 and NGC 1140
• Planck Early Results: The Galactic Cold Core Population revealed by the first all-sky survey
• Inverse temperature dependence of the dust submillimeter spectral index
• Far-infrared to millimeter astrophysical dust emission I: A model based on physical properties of amorphous solids
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey IX: Data Release 2 and Outer Galaxy Extension
• The data reduction pipeline for the Hi-GAL survey
• Submillimetre point sources from the Archeops experiment: Very Cold Clumps in the Galactic Plane
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey IV: 1.1 and 0.35 mm Dust Continuum Emission in the Galactic Center Region
• Dust SEDs in the era of Herschel and Planck: a Hierarchical Bayesian fitting technique
• Low temperature FIR and submm mass absorption coefficient of interstellar silicate dust analogues
• Variations of the spectral index of dust emissivity from Hi-GAL observations of the Galactic plane
• Determining dust temperatures and masses in the Herschel era: the importance of observations longward of 200 micron
• Dust Emissivity Variations In the Milky Way
• The Dust Emissivity Spectral Index in the Starless Core TMC-1C
• Planck intermediate results. XIV. Dust emission at millimetre wavelengths in the Galactic plane
• Properties of Galactic cirrus clouds observed by BOOMERanG
• The degeneracy between dust colour temperature and spectral index. Comparison of methods for estimating the beta(T) relation
• Spitzer and Herschel multiwavelength characterization of the dust content of evolved HII regions
• Far-Infrared to Millimeter Astrophysical Dust Emission. II: Comparison of the Two-Level Systems (TLS) model with Astronomical Data
• Detection and characterization of a 500 mic dust emissivity excess in the Galactic Plane using Herschel/Hi-GAL observations
• A Broadband Study of Galactic Dust Emission
• Bayesian method for the analysis of the dust emission in the Far-Infrared and Submillimeter
• Submillimeter Observations of Low Metallicity Galaxy NGC 4214

Cited by in corpus (8)

• The Hi-GAL compact source catalogue -- II. The 360° catalogue of clump physical properties
• Galactic cold cores VI. Dust opacity spectral index
• Low temperature MIR to submillimeter mass absorption coefficient of interstellar dust analogues I: Mg-rich glassy silicates
• Bipolar HII regions - Morphology and star formation in their vicinity - I - G319.88$+$00.79 and G010.32$-$00.15
• Low-temperature MIR to submillimeter mass absorption coefficient of interstellar dust analogues II: Mg and Fe-rich amorphous silicates
• AzTEC Survey of the Central Molecular Zone: Increasing Spectral Index of Dust with Density
• QUIJOTE Scientific Results -- VII. Galactic AME sources in the QUIJOTE-MFI Northern Hemisphere Wide-Survey
• Toward a better understanding of the mid-infrared emission in the LMC