Causal extraction of black hole rotational energy by various kinds of electromagnetic fields

Abstract

Recent general relativistic MHD simulations have suggested that relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have been powered by rotational energy of central black holes. Some mechanisms of extraction of black hole rotational energy have been proposed, like the Penrose process, Blandford-Znajek mechanism, MHD Penrose process, and superradiance. The Blandford-Znajek mechanism is the most promising mechanism for the engines of the relativistic jets from AGNs. However, an intuitive interpretation of this mechanism with causality is not clarified yet, while the Penrose process has a clear interpretation for the causal energy extraction from the black hole with negative energy. In this paper, we present a formula to build physical intuition so that in the Blandford-Znajek mechanism as well as other electromagnetic processes, negative electromagnetic energy plays an important role to extract the rotational energy of the black holes causally.

31 pages, 3 figures

References in corpus (1)

• Generalized Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Equations for Pair and Electron-Ion Plasmas

Cited by in corpus (8)

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• Backreaction of Mass and Angular Momentum Accretion on Black Holes: General Formulation of the Metric Perturbations and Application to the Blandford-Znajek Process
• Double flows anchored in a Kerr black hole horizon. I. Meridionally self-similar MHD models with loading terms
• Analytical and Numerical Methods and Test Calculations of One-Dimensional Force--Free Magnetodynamics on Arbitrary Magnetic Surfaces across Horizons of Spinning Black Holes
• Thin Accretion Disks around Rotating Charged Black Holes in an Effective Higher-Curvature Spacetime
• Alfvénic superradiance for a monopole magnetosphere around a Kerr black hole