Causal extraction of black hole rotational energy by various kinds of electromagnetic fields

Abstract

Recent general relativistic MHD simulations have suggested that relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have been powered by rotational energy of central black holes. Some mechanisms of extraction of black hole rotational energy have been proposed, like the Penrose process, Blandford-Znajek mechanism, MHD Penrose process, and superradiance. The Blandford-Znajek mechanism is the most promising mechanism for the engines of the relativistic jets from AGNs. However, an intuitive interpretation of this mechanism with causality is not clarified yet, while the Penrose process has a clear interpretation for the causal energy extraction from the black hole with negative energy. In this paper, we present a formula to build physical intuition so that in the Blandford-Znajek mechanism as well as other electromagnetic processes, negative electromagnetic energy plays an important role to extract the rotational energy of the black holes causally.

arXiv comment31 pages, 3 figures

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Cited by in corpus (15)

• The Kerr Metric
• The distinguishing signature of Magnetic Penrose Process
• Energetics and optical properties of $6$-dimensional rotating black hole in pure Gauss-Bonnet gravity
• Steady General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Inflow/Outflow Solution along Large-Scale Magnetic Fields that Thread a Rotating Black Hole
• The essence of the Blandford-Znajek process
• Analytic properties of force-free jets in the Kerr spacetime -- III: uniform field solution
• Backreaction of Mass and Angular Momentum Accretion on Black Holes: General Formulation of the Metric Perturbations and Application to the Blandford-Znajek Process
• Blandford-Znajek process as Alfvénic superradiance
• A boosted Kerr black hole solution and the structure of a general astrophysical black hole
• Boosted Kerr black holes in general relativity
• Double flows anchored in a Kerr black hole horizon. I. Meridionally self-similar MHD models with loading terms
• Analytical and Numerical Methods and Test Calculations of One-Dimensional Force--Free Magnetodynamics on Arbitrary Magnetic Surfaces across Horizons of Spinning Black Holes
• Where is the electric current driven in the Blandford-Znajek process?
• Alfvénic superradiance for a monopole magnetosphere around a Kerr black hole
• Thin Accretion Disks around Rotating Charged Black Holes in an Effective Higher-Curvature Spacetime