Orthogonal Graph Drawing with Inflexible Edges

Abstract

We consider the problem of creating plane orthogonal drawings of 4-planar graphs (planar graphs with maximum degree 4) with constraints on the number of bends per edge. More precisely, we have a flexibility function assigning to each edge $e$ a natural number $\mathrm{flex}(e)$, its flexibility. The problem FlexDraw asks whether there exists an orthogonal drawing such that each edge $e$ has at most $\mathrm{flex}(e)$ bends. It is known that FlexDraw is NP-hard if $\mathrm{flex}(e)=0$ for every edge $e$. On the other hand, FlexDraw can be solved efficiently if $\mathrm{flex}(e)\ge 1$ and is trivial if $\mathrm{flex}(e)\ge 2$ for every edge $e$. To close the gap between the NP-hardness for $\mathrm{flex}(e)=0$ and the efficient algorithm for $\mathrm{flex}(e)\ge 1$, we investigate the computational complexity of FlexDraw in case only few edges are inflexible (i.e., have flexibility~$0$). We show that for any $\epsilon >0$ FlexDraw is NP-complete for instances with $O(n^{\epsilon })$ inflexible edges with pairwise distance $\hat{I}\text{c◯}(n^{1-\epsilon })$ (including the case where they induce a matching). On the other hand, we give an FPT-algorithm with running time $O(2^k\cdot n\cdot T_{\mathrm{flow}}(n))$, where $T_{\mathrm{flow}}(n)$ is the time necessary to compute a maximum flow in a planar flow network with multiple sources and sinks, and $k$ is the number of inflexible edges having at least one endpoint of degree 4.

23 pages, 5 figures