Superbubble evolution in disk galaxies, I. Study of blow-out by analytical models

Abstract

Galactic winds are a common phenomenon in starburst galaxies in the local universe as well as at higher redshifts. Their sources are superbubbles driven by sequential supernova explosions in star forming regions, which carve out large holes in the interstellar medium and eject hot, metal enriched gas into the halo and to the galactic neighborhood. We investigate the evolution of superbubbles in exponentially stratified disks. We present advanced analytical models for the expansion of such bubbles and calculate their evolution in space and time. With these models one can derive the energy input that is needed for blow-out of superbubbles into the halo and derive the break-up of the shell, since Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities develop soon after a bubble starts to accelerate into the halo. The approximation of Kompaneets is modified in order to calculate velocity and acceleration of a bubble analytically. Our new model differs from earlier ones, because it presents for the first time an analytical calculation for the expansion of superbubbles in an exponential density distribution driven by a time-dependent energy input rate. The time-sequence of supernova explosions of OB-stars is modeled using their main sequence lifetime and an initial mass function. We calculate the morphology and kinematics of superbubbles powered by three different kinds of energy input and we derive the energy input required for blow-out as a function of the density and the scale height of the ambient interstellar medium. The Rayleigh-Taylor instability timescale in the shell is calculated in order to estimate when the shell starts to fragment and finally breaks up. Analytical models are a very efficient tool for comparison to observations, like e.g. the Local Bubble and the W4 bubble discussed in this paper, and also give insight into the dynamics of superbubble evolution.

18 pages, 11 figures

References in corpus (8)

• The search for the origin of the Local Bubble redivivus
• X-Ray Absorption from the Milky Way Halo and the Local Group
• The History and Future of the Local and Loop I Bubbles
• Galactic fountains and their connection with high and intermediate velocity clouds
• The Ophiuchus Superbubble: A Gigantic Eruption from the Inner Disk of the Milky Way
• Three-Dimensional Simulations of Magnetized Superbubbles: New Insights into the Importance of MHD Effects on Observed Quantities
• Triggered Star Formation on the Border of the Orion-Eridanus Superbubble
• The Fragmenting Superbubble Associated with the HII Region W4

Cited by in corpus (28)

• The Evolution and Origin of Ionized Gas Velocity Dispersion from $z\sim 2.6$ to $z\sim 0.6$ with KMOS${}^{3D}$
• New limit of ${}^{244}$Pu on Earth points to rarity of actinide nucleosynthesis
• Nonthermal particles and photons in starburst regions and superbubbles
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: Multi-wavelength view of feedback-driven bubbles (The Phantom Voids) across NGC 628
• 26Al kinematics: superbubbles following the spiral arms? Constraints from the statistics of star clusters and HI supershells
• Quantifying the energetics of molecular superbubbles in PHANGS galaxies
• Bursting Bubbles: Feedback from Clustered SNe and the Trade-off Between Turbulence and Outflows
• The Hot, Accreted Halo of NGC 891
• Cosmic Ray Origin: Lessons from Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays and the Galactic/Extragalactic Transition
• Multi-wavelength Emission from the Fermi Bubble III. Stochastic (Fermi) Re-Acceleration of Relativistic Electrons Emitted by SNRs
• SNIa Host Galaxy Properties and the Dust Extinction Distribution
• Squeezed between shells? On the origin of the Lupus I molecular cloud. APEX/LABOCA, Herschel, and Planck observations
• Steady-state nucleosynthesis throughout the Galaxy
• Discovery of two embedded clusters with WISE in the high Galactic latitude cloud HRK 81.4-77.8
• Time-dependent galactic winds
• JWST MIRI and NIRCam observations of NGC 891 and its circumgalactic medium
• Kompaneets Model Fitting of the Orion-Eridanus Superbubble
• Analytical and numerical studies of central galactic outflows powered by tidal disruption events -- a model for the Fermi bubbles?
• SNe and their impact during the early evolution of Type I Globular Clusters
• North Polar Spur: gaseous plume(s) from star-forming regions at $\sim$3-5 kpc from Galactic Center?
• The time-dependent Rayleigh-Taylor instability in interstellar shells and supershells, including the eROSITA bubbles
• Physical Origins of Outflowing Cold Clouds in Local Star-forming Dwarf Galaxies
• A cosmic-ray loaded nascent outflow driven by a massive star cluster
• Sources and Radiations of the Fermi Bubbles
• Energy conservation in the thin layer approximation: VI. Bubbles and super-bubbles
• Stochastic 2-D galaxy disk evolution models. Resolved stellar populations in the galaxy M33
• Tidal disruption events as the origin of the eROSITA and Fermi bubbles
• Hydrodynamic model of nonthermal emission from the Fermi bubbles