Water and Methanol Maser Survey of Protostars in the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex

Abstract

The results of a maser survey toward ninety-nine protostars in the Orion molecular cloud complex are presented. The target sources are low-mass protostars identified from infrared observations. Single-dish observations were carried out in the water maser line at 22 GHz and the methanol class I maser lines at 44, 95, and 133 GHz. Most of the detected sources were mapped to determine the source positions. Five water maser sources were detected, and they are excited by HH 1-2 VLA 3, HH 1-2 VLA 1, L1641N MM1/3, NGC 2071 IRS 1/3, and an object in the OMC 3 region. The water masers showed significant variability in intensity and velocity with time scales of a month or shorter. Four methanol emission sources were detected, and those in the OMC 2 FIR 3/4 and L1641N MM1/3 regions are probably masers. The methanol emission from the other two sources in the NGC 2071 IRS 1-3 and V380 Ori NE regions are probably thermal. For the water masers, the number of detections per protostar in the survey region is about 2%, which suggests that the water masers of low-mass protostars are rarely detectable. The methanol class I maser of low-mass protostars is an even rarer phenomenon, with a detection rate much smaller than 1%.

15 pages, 16 figures, 7 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJS

References in corpus (10)

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Cited by in corpus (10)

• The Physics of Water Masers observable with ALMA and SOFIA: Model Predictions for Evolved Stars
• Online Database of Class I Methanol Masers
• The JCMT Transient Survey: Stochastic and Secular Variability of Protostars and Disks In the Sub-Millimeter Observed Over Eighteen Months
• ALMA Survey of Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (ALMASOP): A Hot Corino Survey toward Protostellar Cores in the Orion Cloud
• Precessing Jet and Large Dust Grains in the V380 Ori NE Star-forming Region
• OMC-2 FIR 4 under the microscope: Shocks, filaments, and a highly collimated jet at 100 au scales
• Radio Observations of the Star Formation Activities in the NGC 2024 FIR 4 Region
• Class I methanol masers in low-mass star formation regions
• The Effelsberg survey of FU~Orionis and EX~Lupi objects II. -- H${}_2$O maser observations
• Survey of (sub)mm water masers in low-mass star-forming regions