Spectral energy distribution and generalized Wien's law for photons, cosmic string loops and related physical objects

Abstract

Physical objects with energy $u_w(l)\sim l^{-3w}$ with $l$ a characteristic length and $w$ a numerical constant ($-1\le w\le 1$), lead to an equation of state $p=w\rho$, with $p$ the pressure and $\rho$ the energy density. Special objects with this property are, for instance, photons ($u=hc/l$, with $l$ the wavelength) with $w=1/3$, and some models of cosmic string loops ($u=(c^4/aG)l$, with $l$ the length of the loop and $a$ a numerical constant), with $w=-1/3$, and maybe other kinds of objects as, for instance, hypothetical cosmic membranes with lateral size $l$ and energy proportional to the area, i.e. to $l^2$, for which $w=-2/3$, or the yet unknown constituents of dark energy, with $w=-1$. Here, we discuss the general features of the spectral energy distribution of these systems and the corresponding generalization of Wien's law, which has the form $T{l}_{mp}^{3w}=constant$, being $l_{mp}$ the most probable size of the mentioned objects.

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