Structures and Numerical Ranges of Power Partial Isometries

Abstract

We derive a matrix model, under unitary similarity, of an $n$-by-$n$ matrix $A$ such that $A,A^2,\dots ,A^k$ ($k\ge 1$) are all partial isometries, which generalizes the known fact that if $A$ is a partial isometry, then it is unitarily similar to a matrix of the form $\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0& B0& C\end{array}\right]$ with $B^{\ast }B+C^{\ast }C=I$. Using this model, we show that if $A$ has ascent $k$ and $A,A^2,\dots ,A^{k-1}$ are partial isometries, then the numerical range $W(A)$ of $A$ is a circular disc centered at the origin if and only if $A$ is unitarily similar to a direct sum of Jordan blocks whose largest size is $k$. As an application, this yields that, for any $S_n$-matrix $A$, $W(A)$ (resp., $W(A\otimes A)$) is a circular disc centered at the origin if and only if $A$ is unitarily similar to the Jordan block $J_n$. Finally, examples are given to show that the conditions that $W(A)$ and $W(A\otimes A)$ are circular discs at 0 are independent of each other for a general matrix $A$.

28 pages