An Updated View of Solar Eruptive Flares and Development of Shocks and CMEs: History of the 2006 December 13 GLE-Productive Extreme Event

Abstract

An extreme 2006 December 13 event marked the onset of the Hinode era being the last major flare in the solar cycle 23 observed with NoRH and NoRP. The event produced a fast CME, strong shock, and big particle event responsible for GLE70. We endeavor to clarify relations between eruptions, shock wave, and the flare, and to shed light on a debate over the origin of energetic protons. One concept relates it with flare processes. Another one associates acceleration of ions with a bow shock driven by a CME at (2-4)R_sun. The latter scenario is favored by a delayed particle release time after the flare. However, our previous studies have established that a shock wave is typically excited by an impulsively erupting magnetic rope (future CME core) during the flare rise, while the outer CME surface evolves from an arcade whose expansion is driven from inside. Observations of the 2006 December 13 event reveal two shocks following each other, whose excitation scenario contradicts the delayed CME-driven bow-shock hypothesis. Actually, the shocks developed much earlier, and could accelerate protons still before the flare peak. Then, the two shocks merged into a single stronger one and only decelerated and dampened long afterwards.

20 pages, 15 figures. Accepted for publication in PASJ

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Cited by in corpus (8)

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• Responsibility of a Filament Eruption for the Initiation of a Flare, CME, and Blast Wave, and its Possible Transformation into a Bow Shock
• Radio, Hard X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Emissions Associated with a Far-Side Solar Event
• The 26 December 2001 Solar Eruptive Event Responsible for GLE63. II. Multi-Loop Structure of Microwave Sources in a Major Long-Duration flare
• The 26 December 2001 Solar Eruptive Event Responsible for GLE63. III. CME, Shock Waves, and Energetic Particles
• The 26 December 2001 Solar Event Responsible for GLE63. I. Observations of a Major Long-Duration Flare with the Siberian Solar Radio Telescope
• Synthetic radio views on simulated solar flux ropes
• Twin Null-Point-Associated Major Eruptive Three-Ribbon Flares with Unusual Microwave Spectra