The Asymptotic Fermat's Last Theorem for Five-Sixths of Real Quadratic Fields

Abstract

Let $K$ be a totally real field. By the asymptotic Fermat's Last Theorem over $K$ we mean the statement that there is a constant $B_K$ such that for prime exponents $p>B_K$ the only solutions to the Fermat equation $a^p+b^p+c^p=0$ with $a$, $b$, $c$ in $K$ are the trivial ones satisfying $abc=0$. With the help of modularity, level lowering and image of inertia comparisons we give an algorithmically testable criterion which if satisfied by $K$ implies the asymptotic Fermat's Last Theorem over $K$. Using techniques from analytic number theory, we show that our criterion is satisfied by $K=\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{d})$ for a subset of $d$ having density $5/6$ among the squarefree positive integers. We can improve this to density 1 if we assume a standard "Eichler-Shimura" conjecture.

20 pages. New title. The paper is rewritten and reorganized (a second time). The proofs are substantially shorter and more efficient

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