The Planck distribution of phonons in a Bose-Einstein condensate

Abstract

The Planck distribution of photons emitted by a black body led to the development of quantum theory. An analogous distribution of phonons should exist in a Bose-Einstein condensate. We observe this Planck distribution of thermal phonons in a 3D condensate. This observation provides an important confirmation of the basic nature of the condensate's quantized excitations. In contrast to the bunching effect, the density fluctuations are seen to increase with increasing temperature. This is due to the non-conservation of the number of phonons. In the case of rapid cooling, the phonon temperature is out of equilibrium with the surrounding thermal cloud. In this case, a Bose-Einstein condensate is not as cold as previously thought. These measurements are enabled by our in situ k-space technique.

References in corpus (5)

• Spontaneous vortices in the formation of Bose-Einstein condensates
• Spatial quantum noise interferometry in expanding ultracold atom clouds
• Camparison of the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect for bosons and fermions
• The phonon dispersion relation of a Bose-Einstein condensate
• Observing atom bunching by the Fourier slice theorem

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