Helioseismology of Pre-Emerging Active Regions III: Statistical Analysis

Abstract

The subsurface properties of active regions prior to their appearance at the solar surface may shed light on the process of active region formation. Helioseismic holography has been applied to samples taken from two populations of regions on the Sun (pre-emergence and without emergence), each sample having over 100 members, that were selected to minimize systematic bias, as described in Paper I (Leka et al., 2012). Paper II (Birch et al., 2012) showed that there are statistically significant signatures in the average helioseismic properties that precede the formation of an active region. This paper describes a more detailed analysis of the samples of pre-emergence regions and regions without emergence, based on discriminant analysis. The property that is best able to distinguish the populations is found to be the surface magnetic field, even a day before the emergence time. However, after accounting for the correlations between the surface field and the quantities derived from helioseismology, there is still evidence of a helioseismic precursor to active region emergence that is present for at least a day prior to emergence.

Submitted to ApJ

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Cited by in corpus (11)

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• Structure and Evolution of Magnetic Fields Associated with Solar Eruptions (Invited Review)
• SDO/HMI survey of emerging active regions for helioseismology
• Properties of Flare-Imminent versus Flare-Quiet Active Regions from the Chromosphere through the Corona II: NonParametric Discriminant Analysis Results from the NWRA Classification Infrastructure (NCI)
• Time-Distance Helioseismology of Two Realistic Sunspot Simulations
• Application and interpretation of deep learning for identifying pre-emergence magnetic-field patterns
• $f$-mode strengthening from a localized bipolar subsurface magnetic field
• Photospheric Velocity Structures during the Emergence of Small Active Regions on the Sun
• A new look at sunspot formation using theory and observations
• Average solar active region: I. Intensities, velocities, and the photospheric magnetic field
• Evolution of the magnetic field and flows of solar active regions with persistent magnetic bipoles before emergence