Hawking radiation of massive modes and undulations

Abstract

We compute the analogue Hawking radiation for modes which posses a small wave vector perpendicular to the horizon. For low frequencies, the resulting mass term induces a total reflection. This generates an extra mode mixing that occurs in the supersonic region, which cancels out the infrared divergence of the near horizon spectrum. As a result, the amplitude of the undulation (0-frequency wave with macroscopic amplitude) emitted in white hole flows now saturates at the linear level, unlike what was recently found in the massless case. In addition, we point out that the mass introduces a new type of undulation which is produced in black hole flows, and which is well described in the hydrodynamical regime.

37 pages, 8 figures, published version

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• Particle Production in the Interiors of Acoustic Black Holes
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• Suppression of infrared instability in trans-sonic flows by condensation of zero-frequency short wave length phonons
• $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$ symmetry-protected exceptional cones and analogue Hawking radiation
• The BHL-BCL crossover: from nonlinear to linear quantum amplification
• Analogous Hawking radiation from gapped excitations in a transonic flow of binary Bose-Einstein condensates