Weighted Shift Matrices: Unitary Equivalence, Reducibility and Numerical Ranges

Abstract

An $n$-by-$n$ ($n\ge 3$) weighted shift matrix $A$ is one of the form $$[{array}{cccc}0 & a_1 & & & 0 & \ddots & & & \ddots & a_{n-1} a_n & & & 0{array}],$$ where the $a_j$'s, called the weights of $A$, are complex numbers. Assume that all $a_j$'s are nonzero and $B$ is an $n$-by-$n$ weighted shift matrix with weights $b_1,...,b_n$. We show that $B$ is unitarily equivalent to $A$ if and only if $b_1...b_n=a_1...a_n$ and, for some fixed $k$, $1\le k\le n$, $|b_j|=|a_{k+j}|$ ($a_{n+j}\equiv a_j$) for all $j$. Next, we show that $A$ is reducible if and only if $A$ has periodic weights, that is, for some fixed $k$, $1\le k\le \lfloor n/2\rfloor$, $n$ is divisible by $k$, and $|a_j|=|a_{k+j}|$ for all $1\le j\le n-k$. Finally, we prove that $A$ and $B$ have the same numerical range if and only if $a_1...a_n=b_1...b_n$ and $S_r(|a_1{|}^2,...,|a_n{|}^2)=S_r(|b_1{|}^2,...,|b_n{|}^2)$ for all $1\le r\le \lfloor n/2\rfloor$, where $S_r$'s are the circularly symmetric functions.

27 pages

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