On the equation $f(g(x))=f(x)h^m(x)$ for composite polynomials

Abstract

In this paper we solve the equation $f(g(x))=f(x)h^m(x)$ where $f(x)$, $g(x)$ and $h(x)$ are unknown polynomials with coefficients in an arbitrary field $K$, $f(x)$ is non-constant and separable, $°g\ge 2$, the polynomial $g(x)$ has non-zero derivative $g^{\prime }(x)\ne 0$ in $K[x]$ and the integer $m\ge 2$ is not divisible by the characteristic of the field $K$. We prove that this equation has no solutions if $°f\ge 3$. If $°f=2$, we prove that $m=2$ and give all solutions explicitly in terms of Chebyshev polynomials. The diophantine applications for such polynomials $f(x)$, $g(x)$, $h(x)$ with coefficients in $\Q$ or $\mathbb{Z}$ are considered in the context of the conjecture of Cassaign et. al on the values of Louiville's $\lambda$ function at points $f(r)$, $r \in \Q$.

Journal of Australian Math Society to appear