Experimental estimation of the dimension of classical and quantum systems

Abstract

An overwhelming majority of experiments in classical and quantum physics make a priori assumptions about the dimension of the system under consideration. However, would it be possible to assess the dimension of a completely unknown system only from the results of measurements performed on it, without any extra assumption? The concept of a dimension witness answers this question, as it allows one to bound the dimension of an unknown classical or quantum system in a device-independent manner, that is, only from the statistics of measurements performed on it. Here, we report on the experimental demonstration of dimension witnesses in a prepare and measure scenario. We use pairs of photons entangled in both polarization and orbital angular momentum to generate ensembles of classical and quantum states of dimensions up to 4. We then use a dimension witness to certify their dimensionality as well as their quantum nature. Our results open new avenues for the device-independent estimation of unknown quantum systems and for applications in quantum information science.

See also similar, independent and jointly submitted work of J. Ahrens et al., quant-ph/1111.1277

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• Experimental high-dimensional two-photon entanglement and violations of generalised Bell inequalities
• Testing the Hilbert space dimension
• Device-independent tests of classical and quantum dimensions
• Semi-device-independent security of one-way quantum key distribution
• Device-independent witnesses of genuine multipartite entanglement
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• Device-independent certification of entangled measurements
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