Quantum entanglement in random physical states
arXiv:1109.4391 · doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.040502
Abstract
Most states in the Hilbert space are maximally entangled. This fact has proven useful to investigate - among other things - the foundations of statistical mechanics. Unfortunately, most states in the Hilbert space of a quantum many body system are not physically accessible. We define physical ensembles of states by acting on random factorized states by a circuit of length k of random and independent unitaries with local support. We study the typicality of entanglement by means of the purity of the reduced state. We find that for a time k=O(1) the typical purity obeys the area law. Thus, the upper bounds for area law are actually saturated {\em in average}, with a variance that goes to zero for large systems. Similarly, we prove that by means of local evolution a subsystem of linear dimensions is typically entangled with a volume law when the time scales with the size of the subsystem. Moreover, we show that for large values of k the reduced state becomes very close to the completely mixed state.
updated to published version, typos corrected
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