Work Relation and the Second Law of Thermodynamics in Nonequilibrium Steady States

Abstract

We extend Jarzynski's work relation and the second law of thermodynamics to a heat conducting system which is operated by an external agent. These extensions contain a new non equilibrium contribution expressed as the violation of the (linear) response relation caused by the operation. We find that a natural extension of the minimum work principle involves information about the time-reversed operation, and is far from straightforward. Our work relation may be tested experimentally especially when the temperature gradient is small.

5 pages, 2 figures

References in corpus (5)

• Fluctuations and response of nonequilibrium states
• Steady State Thermodynamics for Heat Conduction -- Microscopic Derivation
• An expression for stationary distribution in nonequilibrium steady state
• Representation of nonequilibrium steady states in large mechanical systems
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• Possible extended forms of thermodynamic entropy
• Statistical forces from close--to--equilibrium media
• Stochastic order parameter dynamics for phase coexistence in heat conduction
• Numerical examination of steady-state thermodynamics from the entropy connected to the excess heat
• Universal expression for adiabatic pumping in terms of non-equilibrium steady states
• Work, work fluctuations, and the work distribution in a thermal non-equilibrium steady state
• Work relations for time-dependent states
• An expression of excess work during transition between nonequilibrium steady states