A modularity criterion for Klein forms, with an application to modular forms of level $13$

Abstract

We find some modularity criterion for a product of Klein forms of the congruence subgroup ${\Gamma }_1(N)$ and, as its application, construct a basis of the space of modular forms for ${\Gamma }_1(13)$ of weight $2$. In the process we face with an interesting property about the coefficients of certain theta function from a quadratic form and prove it conditionally by applying Hecke operators.