Fourth-post-Newtonian-exact approximation to General Relativity

Abstract

An approximation to General Relativity is presented that agrees with the Einstein field equations up to and including the fourth post-Newtonian (PN) order. This approximation is formulated in a fully constrained scheme: all involved equations are explicitly elliptic except the wave equation that describes the two independent degrees of freedom of the gravitational field. The formalism covers naturally the conformal-flat-condition (CFC) approach by Isenberg, Wilson, and Mathews and the improved second PN-order exact approach CFC+. For stationary configurations, like Kerr black holes, agreement with General Relativity is achieved even through 5PN order. In addition, a particularly interesting 2PN-exact waveless approximation is analyzed in detail, which results from imposing more restrictive conditions. The proposed scheme can be considered as a further development on the waveless approach suggested by Schaefer and Gopakumar [Phys. Rev. D {\bf 69}, 021501 (2004)].

Replaced by the published version. Some clarifications and references added.

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