Wave functions of the super Tonks-Girardeau gas and the trapped 1D hard sphere Bose gas

Abstract

Recent theoretical and experimental results demonstrate a close connection between the super Tonks-Girardeau (sTG) gas and a 1D hard sphere Bose (HSB) gas with hard sphere diameter nearly equal to the 1D scattering length $a_{1D}$ of the sTG gas, a highly excited gas-like state with nodes only at interparticle separations $|x_{j\ell }|=x_{node}\approx a_{1D}$. It is shown herein that when the coupling constant $g_B$ in the Lieb-Liniger interaction $g_B\delta (x_{j\ell })$ is negative and $|x_{12}|\ge x_{node}$, the sTG and HSB wave functions for $N=2$ particles are not merely similar, but identical; the only difference between the sTG and HSB wave functions is that the sTG wave function allows a small penetration into the region $|x_{12}|<x_{node}$, whereas for a HSB gas with hard sphere diameter $a_{h.s.}=x_{node}$, the HSB wave function vanishes when all $|x_{12}|<a_{h.s.}$. Arguments are given suggesting that the same theorem holds also for $N>2$. The sTG and HSB wave functions for N=2 are given exactly in terms of a parabolic cylinder function, and for $N\ge 2$, $x_{node}$ is given accurately by a simple parabola. The metastability of the sTG phase generated by a sudden change of the coupling constant from large positive to large negative values is explained in terms of the very small overlap between the ground state of the Tonks-Girardeau gas and collapsed cluster states.

4 pages, 1 figure, revtex4. Final version accepted by Phys. Rev. A Rapid Communications

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• Realization of an Excited, Strongly-Correlated Quantum Gas Phase
• Transition from Tonks-Girardeau gas to super-Tonks-Girardeau gas as an exact many-body dynamics problem
• Excitations of attractive 1-D bosons: Binding vs. fermionization

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