Stable quarks of the 4th family?

Abstract

Existence of metastable quarks of new generation can be embedded into phenomenology of heterotic string together with new long range interaction, which only this new generation possesses. We discuss primordial quark production in the early Universe, their successive cosmological evolution and astrophysical effects, as well as possible production in present or future accelerators. In case of a charge symmetry of 4th generation quarks in Universe, they can be stored in neutral mesons, doubly positively charged baryons, while all the doubly negatively charged "baryons" are combined with He-4 into neutral nucleus-size atom-like states. The existence of all these anomalous stable particles may escape present experimental limits, being close to present and future experimental test. Due to the nuclear binding with He-4 primordial lightest baryons of the 4th generation with charge +1 can also escape the experimental upper limits on anomalous isotopes of hydrogen, being compatible with upper limits on anomalous lithium. While 4th quark hadrons are rare, their presence may be nearly detectable in cosmic rays, muon and neutrino fluxes and cosmic electromagnetic spectra. In case of charge asymmetry, a nontrivial solution for the problem of dark matter (DM) can be provided by excessive (meta)stable anti-up quarks of 4th generation, bound with He-4 in specific nuclear-interacting form of dark matter. Such candidate to DM is surprisingly close to Warm Dark Matter by its role in large scale structure formation. It catalyzes primordial heavy element production in Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and new types of nuclear transformations around us.

28 pages, 3 figures; Invited contribution to the book "The Physics of Quarks: New Research", Nova Science Publishers, 2008

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• Dark Atoms and their decaying constituents
• Charge asymmetry of new stable quarks in baryon asymmetrical Universe
• Dark Atoms of the Universe: towards OHe nuclear physics
• Proceedings to the 27th Workshop "What Comes Beyond the Standard Models" Bled, July 8-17, 2024
• Quark mass matrices inspired by a numerical relation
• Do we understand the internal spaces of second quantized fermion and boson fields, with gravity included? Relation with strings theories