The Cosmological Constant Constrained with Union2.1 Supernovae Type Ia Data. Derivation and evaluation of several FRW and Carmeli models presenting underwhelming support for the standard model

Ahmet M. Öztaş, Michael L. Smith

We derive several, detailed relationships in terms of the Friedmann, Robertson, Walker (FRW) generalization which describe the Universe during both the radiation and matter dominat…