Investigating Ionospheric TEC Variations in Solar and Geomagnetic Influences Across Solar Activity Phases

Ziyadat Hassan, Zamri Zainal Abidin, Affan Adly Nazri +1

This study examines the variability of ionospheric total electron content (VTEC) in response to solar and geomagnetic drivers across solar cycles 23 to 25. While the dominant effec…