Stochastic Dynamics of Urban Predator-Prey Systems: Integrating Human Disturbance and Functional Responses

Arhonefe Joseph Ogethakpo, Ozioma Ogoegbulem, Sarduana Joshua Apanapudor +1

Urban ecosystems exhibit complex predator-prey dynamics increasingly disrupted by anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., noise, habitat fragmentation). Classical Lotka-Volterra (LV) mod…