Publications (66)
The Physical Origins of Entropy Production, Free Energy Dissipation and their Mathematical Representations
Hao Ge, Hong Qian
A complete mathematical theory of nonequilibrium thermodynamics of stochastic systems in terms of master equations is presented. As generalizations of isothermal entropy and free e…
Vectorial Acoustic Multiplexed Holography
Yuan Tian, Hao Ge, Jiangpo Zheng +3
Encoding more information into wave fields is a central goal in imaging, communication, and wave control. Optical holography benefits from polarization multiplexing, but acoustic h…
Twistsonics: engineering acoustic topological textures in moire sound lattices
Wen-Yu Wang, Shuai Liu, Xiang-Yuan Xu +4
Moire superlattices formed by twisting periodic systems provide a powerful platform for emergent topological phenomena, but their use for programming real-space topology in acousti…
Stochastic phenotype transition of a single cell in an intermediate region of gene-state switching
Hao Ge, Hong Qian, Sunney Xiaoliang Xie
Multiple phenotypic states often arise in a single cell with different gene-expression states that undergo transcription regulation with positive feedback. Recent experiments have…
Nonequilibrium phase transition in a mesoscopic biochemical system: From stochastic to nonlinear dynamics and beyond
Hao Ge, Hong Qian
A rigorous mathematical framework for analyzing the chemical master equation (CME) with bistability, based on the theory of large deviation, is proposed. Using a simple phosphoryla…
Acoustic topological insulator and robust one-way sound transport
Cheng He, Xu Ni, Hao Ge +6
Discovery of novel topological orders of condensed matters is of a significant interest in both fundamental and applied physics due to the associated quantum conductance behaviors…
Waiting Cycle Times and Generalized Haldane Equality in the Steady-state Cycle Kinetics of Single Enzymes
Hao Ge
Enzyme kinetics are cyclic. A more realistic reversible three-step mechanism of the Michaelis-Menten kinetics is investigated in detail, and three kinds of waiting cycle times ,…
Hydraulis: Balancing Large Transformer Model Training via Co-designing Parallel Strategies and Data Assignment
Haoyang Li, Fangcheng Fu, Sheng Lin +8
To optimize large Transformer model training, both efficient parallel computing and advanced data management are indispensable. However, current methods often assume a stable and u…
Analytical Mechanics in Stochastic Dynamics: Most Probable Path, Large-Deviation Rate Function and Hamilton-Jacobi Equation
Hao Ge, Hong Qian
Analytical (rational) mechanics is the mathematical structure of Newtonian deterministic dynamics developed by D'Alembert, Langrange, Hamilton, Jacobi, and many other luminaries of…
Generalized Jarzynski's equality of inhomogeneous multidimensional diffusion processes
Hao Ge, Daquan Jiang
Applying the well-known Feynman-Kac formula of inhomogeneous case, an interesting and rigorous mathematical proof of generalized Jarzynski's equality of inhomogeneous multidimensio…
Markov processes follow from the principle of Maximum Caliber
Hao Ge, Steve Presse, Kingshuk Ghosh +1
Markov models are widely used to describe processes of stochastic dynamics. Here, we show that Markov models are a natural consequence of the dynamical principle of Maximum Caliber…
Integrated Tempering Enhanced Sampling Method as the Infinite Switching Limit of Simulated Tempering
Zhiyi You, Liying Li, Jianfeng Lu +1
Fast and accurate sampling method is in high demand, in order to bridge the large gaps between molecular dynamic simulations and experimental observations. Recently, integrated tem…
Zone folding induced topological insulators in phononic crystals
Yuanchen Deng, Hao Ge, Yuan Tian +2
This letter investigates a flow-free, pseudospin-based acoustic topological insulator. Zone folding, a strategy originated from photonic crystal, is used to form double Dirac cones…
Maximum Entropy Principle, Equal Probability a Priori and Gibbs Paradox
Hao Ge, Hong Qian
We prove that information-theoretic maximum entropy (MaxEnt) approach to canonical ensemble is mathematically equivalent to the classic approach of Boltzmann, Gibbs and Darwin-Fowl…
van't Hoff-Arrhenius Analysis of Mesoscopic and Macroscopic Dynamics of Simple Biochemical Systems: Stochastic vs. Nonlinear Bistabilities
Yunxin Zhang, Hao Ge, Hong Qian
Multistability of mesoscopic, driven biochemical reaction systems has implications to a wide range of cellular processes. Using several simple models, we show that one class of bis…
Synchronized Dynamics and Nonequilibrium Steady States in a Stochastic Yeast Cell-Cycle Network
Hao Ge, Hong Qian, Min Qian
Applying the mathematical circulation theory of Markov chains, we investigate the synchronized stochastic dynamics of a discrete network model of yeast cell-cycle regulation where…
Influential Recommender System
Haoren Zhu, Hao Ge, Xiaodong Gu +2
Traditional recommender systems are typically passive in that they try to adapt their recommendations to the user's historical interests. However, it is highly desirable for commer…
Quantized VCG Mechanisms for Polymatroid Environments
Hao Ge, Randall Berry
Many network resource allocation problems can be viewed as allocating a divisible resource, where the allocations are constrained to lie in a polymatroid. We consider market-based…
The Nonequilibrium Mechanism of Noise Enhancer synergizing with Activator in HIV Latency Reactivation
Xiaolu Guo, Tao Tang, Minxuan Duan +2
Noise-modulating chemicals can synergize with transcriptional activators in reactivating latent HIV to eliminate latent HIV reservoirs. To understand the underlying biomolecular me…
Bones of Contention: Exploring Query-Efficient Attacks against Skeleton Recognition Systems
Yuxin Cao, Kai Ye, Derui Wang +4
Skeleton action recognition models have secured more attention than video-based ones in various applications due to privacy preservation and lower storage requirements. Skeleton da…
Thermodynamics and Geometry of Reversible and Irreversible Markov Processes
Hao Ge, Woo H. Kim, Hong Qian
Master equation with microscopic reversibility ( iff ) has a {\em thermodynamic superstructure} in terms of two state functions , entropy, and , f…
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Time-dependent Langevin Systems: Energy Balance Relation and the Extended Form of the Second Law
Hao Ge
A general nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory is developed for time-dependent Langevin dynamics, starting from the common definition of nonequilibrium Gibbs entropy. It is shown th…
Martingale structure for general thermodynamic functionals of diffusion processes under second-order averaging
Hao Ge, Chen Jia, Xiao Jin
Novel hidden thermodynamic structures have recently been uncovered during the investigation of nonequilibrium thermodynamics for multiscale stochastic processes. Here we reveal the…
NN-PARS: A Parallelized Neural Network Based Circuit Simulation Framework
Mohammad Saeed Abrishami, Hao Ge, Justin F. Calderon +2
The shrinking of transistor geometries as well as the increasing complexity of integrated circuits, significantly aggravate nonlinear design behavior. This demands accurate and fas…
LocalStyleFool: Regional Video Style Transfer Attack Using Segment Anything Model
Yuxin Cao, Jinghao Li, Xi Xiao +5
Previous work has shown that well-crafted adversarial perturbations can threaten the security of video recognition systems. Attackers can invade such models with a low query budget…
Cycle symmetry, limit theorems, and fluctuation theorems for diffusion processes on the circle
Hao Ge, Chen Jia, Da-Quan Jiang
Cyclic structure and dynamics are of great interest in both the fields of stochastic processes and nonequilibrium statistical physics. In this paper, we find a new symmetry of the…
Cover-time Gumbel Fluctuations in Finite-Range, Symmetric, Irreducible Random Walks on Torus
Hao Ge, Xiao Han, Yuan Zhang
In this paper, we rigorously establish the Gumbel-distributed fluctuations of the cover time, normalized by the mean first passage time, for finite-range, symmetric, irreducible ra…
Full extremal process in four-dimensional membrane model
Hao Ge, Xinyi Li, Jiaxi Zhao
We investigate the extremal process of four-dimensional membrane models as the size of the lattice tends to infinity. We prove the cluster-like geometry of the extreme points a…
Mesoscopic Kinetic Basis of Macroscopic Chemical Thermodynamics: A Mathematical Theory
Hao Ge, Hong Qian
From a mathematical model that describes a complex chemical kinetic system of species and elementrary reactions in a rapidly stirred vessel of size as a Markov process,…
Malleus: Straggler-Resilient Hybrid Parallel Training of Large-scale Models via Malleable Data and Model Parallelization
Haoyang Li, Fangcheng Fu, Hao Ge +7
As the scale of models and training data continues to grow, there is an expanding reliance on more GPUs to train large-scale models, which inevitably increases the likelihood of en…
Qwen3 Technical Report
An Yang, Anfeng Li, Baosong Yang +57
In this work, we present Qwen3, the latest version of the Qwen model family. Qwen3 comprises a series of large language models (LLMs) designed to advance performance, efficiency, a…
LobRA: Multi-tenant Fine-tuning over Heterogeneous Data
Sheng Lin, Fangcheng Fu, Haoyang Li +5
With the breakthrough of Transformer-based pre-trained models, the demand for fine-tuning (FT) to adapt the base pre-trained models to downstream applications continues to grow, so…
Sample-path large deviation principle for a 2-D stochastic interacting vortex dynamics with singular kernel
Chenyang Chen, Hao Ge
We consider a stochastic interacting vortex system of particles, approximating the vorticity formulation of 2-D Navier-Stokes equation on torus. The singular interaction kernel…
Mesoscopic Biochemical Basis of Isogenetic Inheritance and Canalization: Stochasticity, Nonlinearity, and Emergent Landscape
Hong Qian, Hao Ge
Biochemical reaction systems in mesoscopic volume, under sustained environmental chemical gradient(s), can have multiple stochastic attractors. Two distinct mechanisms are known fo…
Sensitivity Amplification in the Phosphorylation-Dephosphorylation Cycle: Nonequilibrium steady states, chemical master equation and temporal cooperativity
Hao Ge, Min Qian
A new type of cooperativity termed temporal cooperativity [Biophys. Chem. 105 585-593 (2003), Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 58 113-142 (2007)], emerges in the signal transduction module o…
Stochastic robustness and relative stability of multiple pathways in biological networks
Yongyi Guo, Zhiyi You, Min Qian +1
Multiple dynamic pathways always exist in biological networks, but their robustness against internal fluctuations and relative stability have not been well recognized and carefully…
Macroscopic fluxes and local reciprocal relation in second-order stochastic processes far from equilibrium
Hao Ge
Stochastic process is an essential tool for the investigation of the physical and life sciences at nanoscale. In the first-order stochastic processes widely used in chemistry and b…
Time reversibility and nonequilibrium thermodynamics of second-order stochastic processes
Hao Ge
Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of a general second-order stochastic system is investigated. We prove that at steady state, under inversion of velocities, the condition of time-rever…
Defending from adversarial examples with a two-stream architecture
Hao Ge, Xiaoguang Tu, Mei Xie +1
In recent years, deep learning has shown impressive performance on many tasks. However, recent researches showed that deep learning systems are vulnerable to small, specially craft…
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic Formalism of Nonlinear Chemical Reaction Systems with Waage-Guldberg's Law of Mass Action
Hao Ge, Hong Qian
Macroscopic entropy production in the general nonlinear isothermal chemical reaction system with mass action kinetics is decomposed into a free energy dissipation and…
Seed1.5-Thinking: Advancing Superb Reasoning Models with Reinforcement Learning
ByteDance Seed, :, Jiaze Chen +267
We introduce Seed1.5-Thinking, capable of reasoning through thinking before responding, resulting in improved performance on a wide range of benchmarks. Seed1.5-Thinking achieves 8…
Rethinking the Threat and Accessibility of Adversarial Attacks against Face Recognition Systems
Yuxin Cao, Yumeng Zhu, Derui Wang +4
Face recognition pipelines have been widely deployed in various mission-critical systems in trust, equitable and responsible AI applications. However, the emergence of adversarial…
Hetu v2: A General and Scalable Deep Learning System with Hierarchical and Heterogeneous Single Program Multiple Data Annotations
Haoyang Li, Fangcheng Fu, Hao Ge +6
The Single-Program Multiple-Data (SPMD) paradigm provides a unified abstraction to annotate various parallel dimensions in distributed deep learning (DL) training. With SPMD, users…
Mathematical Formalism of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics for Nonlinear Chemical Reaction Systems with General Rate Law
Hao Ge, Hong Qian
This paper studies a mathematical formalism of nonequilibrium thermodynamics for chemical reaction models with species, reactions, and general rate law. We establish a math…
Dissipation, Generalized Free Energy, and a Self-consistent Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Chemically Driven Open Subsystems
Hao Ge, Hong Qian
Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of a system situated in a sustained environment with influx and efflux is usually treated as a subsystem in a larger, closed "universe". It remains a…
Boolean Network Approach to Negative Feedback Loops of the p53 Pathways: Synchronized Dynamics and Stochastic Limit Cycles
Hao Ge, Min Qian
Deterministic and stochastic Boolean network models are build for the dynamics of negative feedback loops of the p53 pathways. It is shown that the main function of the negative fe…
Fluctuation Theorems and Thermodynamic Inequalities for Nonequilibrium Processes Stopped at Stochastic Times
Haoran Yang, Hao Ge
We investigate thermodynamics of general nonequilibrium processes stopped at stochastic times. We propose a systematic strategy for constructing fluctuation-theorem-like martingale…
The Large Deviation Principle and Steady-state Fluctuation Theorem for the Entropy Production Rate of a Stochastic Process in Magnetic Fields
Yong Chen, Hao Ge, Jie Xiong +1
Fluctuation theorem is one of the major achievements in the field of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics during the past two decades. Steady-state fluctuation theorem of sample en…
Thermodynamic Limit of a Nonequilibrium Steady-State: Maxwell-Type Construction for a Bistable Biochemical System
Hao Ge, Hong Qian
We show that the thermodynamic limit of a bistable phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle has a selection rule for the "more stable" macroscopic steady state. The analysis is akin…
Landscapes of Non-gradient Dynamics Without Detailed Balance: Stable Limit Cycles and Multiple Attractors
Hao Ge, Hong Qian
Landscape is one of the key notions in literature on biological processes and physics of complex systems with both deterministic and stochastic dynamics. The large deviation theory…
Fictitious GAN: Training GANs with Historical Models
Hao Ge, Yin Xia, Xu Chen +2
Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are powerful tools for learning generative models. In practice, the training may suffer from lack of convergence. GANs are commonly viewed as…
Unsupervised multiple choices question answering via universal corpus
Qin Zhang, Hao Ge, Xiaojun Chen +1
Unsupervised question answering is a promising yet challenging task, which alleviates the burden of building large-scale annotated data in a new domain. It motivates us to study th…
Time-dependent Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: A Master-equation Approach
Hao Ge
Master equation could be applied to model various kinds of biochemical systems. A general theory for its time-dependent nonequilibrium thermodynamics is rigorously derived. We not…
One-Dimensional Birth-Death Process and Delbrück-Gillespie Theory of Mesoscopic Nonlinear Chemical Reactions
Yunxin Zhang, Hao Ge, Hong Qian
As a mathematical theory for the stochasstic, nonlinear dynamics of individuals within a population, Delbrück-Gillespie process (DGP) , is a birth-death syste…
Generation of spatiotemporal acoustic vortices with arbitrarily oriented orbital angular momentum
Shuai Liu, Hao Ge, Xiang-Yuan Xu +4
Despite extensive exploration of acoustic vortices carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), the generation of acoustic vortices with OAM orientations beyond the conventional longit…
Direct measurement of acoustic spectral density and fractional topological charge
Hao Ge, Zi-Wei Long, Xiang-Yuan Xu +5
Local density-of-states (LDOS) is a fundamental spectral property that plays a central role in various physical phenomena such as wave-matter interactions. Here, we report on the d…
A Parameter-Free Learning Automaton Scheme
Hao Ge
For a learning automaton, a proper configuration of its learning parameters, which are crucial for the automaton's performance, is relatively difficult due to the necessity of a ma…
ByteScale: Efficient Scaling of LLM Training with a 2048K Context Length on More Than 12,000 GPUs
Hao Ge, Junda Feng, Qi Huang +6
Scaling long-context ability is essential for Large Language Models (LLMs). To amortize the memory consumption across multiple devices in long-context training, inter-data partitio…
What's the relationship between CNNs and communication systems?
Hao Ge, Xiaoguang Tu, Yanxiang Gong +2
The interpretability of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is an important topic in the field of computer vision. In recent years, works in this field generally adopt a mature mo…
Universal Relation Between Thermodynamic Driving Force and One-Way Fluxes in a Nonequilibrium Chemical Reaction with Complex Mechanism
Yongli Peng, Hong Qian, Daniel A. Beard +1
In nonequilibrium chemical reaction systems, a fundamental relationship between unbalanced kinetic one-way fluxes and thermodynamic chemical driving forces is believed to exists. H…
3D Face Reconstruction Using A Spectral-Based Graph Convolution Encoder
Haoxin Xu, Zezheng Zhao, Yuxin Cao +3
Monocular 3D face reconstruction plays a crucial role in avatar generation, with significant demand in web-related applications such as generating virtual financial advisors in Fin…
Experimental Observation of Acoustic Weyl Points and Topological Surface States
Hao Ge, Xu Ni, Yuan Tian +6
Weyl points emerge as topological monopoles of Berry flux in the three-dimensional (3D) momentum space and have been extensively studied in topological semimetals. As the underlyin…
Training Generative Adversarial Networks via Primal-Dual Subgradient Methods: A Lagrangian Perspective on GAN
Xu Chen, Jiang Wang, Hao Ge
We relate the minimax game of generative adversarial networks (GANs) to finding the saddle points of the Lagrangian function for a convex optimization problem, where the discrimina…
Nonequilibrium steady state of biochemical cycle kinetics under non-isothermal conditions
Xiao Jin, Hao Ge
Nonequilibrium steady state of isothermal biochemical cycle kinetics has been extensively studied, but much less investigated under non-isothermal conditions. However, once the hea…
SWE-Universe: Scale Real-World Verifiable Environments to Millions
Mouxiang Chen, Lei Zhang, Yunlong Feng +15
We propose SWE-Universe, a scalable and efficient framework for automatically constructing real-world software engineering (SWE) verifiable environments from GitHub pull requests (…
A mechanistic model for the asymmetric torque-speed relationships of a bacterial flagellar motor
Biswajit Das, Hao Ge
A tiny bacterial flagellar motor rotates in both counter-clockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) rotational directions. The most important measurable characteristic of the flagellar mot…