On the large time behavior of the 2D inhomogeneous incompressible viscous flows

Abstract

This paper studies the two-dimensional inhomogeneous Navier--Stokes equations governing stratified flows in a bounded domain under a gravitational potential \(f\). Our main results are as follows. First, we provide a rigorous characterization of steady states, proving that under the Dirichlet condition \(\mathbf{u}|_{\partial Ω} = \mathbf{0}\), all admissible equilibria are hydrostatic and satisfy \(\nabla p_s = -ρ_s \nabla f\). Second, through a perturbative analysis around arbitrary hydrostatic profiles, we show that despite possible transient growth induced by the Rayleigh--Taylor mechanism, the system always relaxes to a hydrostatic equilibrium. Third, we identify a necessary and sufficient condition on the initial density perturbation for convergence to a linear hydrostatic density profile of the form \(ρ_s = -γf + β\), with \(γ> 0\) and \(β> 0\). Finally, we establish improved regularity estimates for strong solutions corresponding to initial data in the Sobolev space \(H^3(Ω)\).