Dark matter measurements combining stellar and HI kinematics: 30% $1-\ddot{I}ƒ$ outliers with low dark matter content at $5R_{\mathrm{e}}$

Abstract

We construct the Schwarzschild dynamical models for 11 early-type galaxies with the SAURON and Mitchell stellar IFUs out to $2-4R_{\mathrm{e}}$, and construct dynamical models with combined stellar and HI kinematics for a subsample of 4 galaxies with HI velocity fields out to $10R_{\mathrm{e}}$ obtained from the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, thus robustly obtaining the dark matter content out to large radii for these galaxies. Adopting a generalised-NFW dark matter profile, we measure an NFW-like density cusp in the dark matter inner slopes for all sample galaxies, with a mean value of $1.00\pm 0.04$ (rms scatter $0.15$). The mean dark matter fraction for the sample is $0.2$ within $1R_{\mathrm{e}}$, and increases to $0.4$ at $2R_{\mathrm{e}}$, and $0.6$ at $5R_{\mathrm{e}}$. The dark matter fractions within $1R_{\mathrm{e}}$ of these galaxies are systematically lower than the predictions of both the TNG-100 and EAGLE simulations. For the dark matter fractions within $2R_{\mathrm{e}}$ and $5R_{\mathrm{e}}$, 40% and 70% galaxies are $1-\ddot{I}ƒ$ consistent with either the TNG-100 or the EAGLE predictions, while the remaining 60% and 30% galaxies lie below the $1-\ddot{I}ƒ$ region. Combined with 36 galaxies with dark matter fractions measured out to $5R_{\mathrm{e}}$ in the literature, about 10% of these 47 galaxies lie below the $3-\ddot{I}ƒ$ region of the TNG-100 or EAGLE predictions.

15 pages, 9 figures, accepted by MNRAS