SN 2020zbf: A fast-rising hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova with strong carbon lines

Abstract

SN\,2020zbf is a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova (SLSN) at $z=0.1947$ that shows conspicuous \ion{C}{II} features at early times, in contrast to the majority of H-poor SLSNe. Its peak magnitude is $M_{\mathrm{g}}$ = $-21.2$~mag and its rise time ($\lesssim 26.4$ days from first light) places SN\,2020zbf among the fastest rising type I SLSNe. We used spectra taken from ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared wavelengths to identify spectral features. We paid particular attention to the \ion{C}{II} lines as they present distinctive characteristics when compared to other events. We also analyzed UV and optical photometric data and modeled the light curves considering three different powering mechanisms: radioactive decay of ${}^{56}$Ni, magnetar spin-down, and circumstellar medium (CSM) interaction. The spectra of SN\,2020zbf match the model spectra of a C-rich low-mass magnetar-powered supernova model well. This is consistent with our light curve modeling, which supports a magnetar-powered event with an ejecta mass $M_{\mathrm{ej}}$ = 1.5~${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$. However, we cannot discard the CSM-interaction model as it may also reproduce the observed features. The interaction with H-poor, carbon-oxygen CSM near peak light could explain the presence of \ion{C}{II} emission lines. A short plateau in the light curve around 35 -- 45 days after peak, in combination with the presence of an emission line at 6580~Ã ,\ can also be interpreted as being due to a late interaction with an extended H-rich CSM. Both the magnetar and CSM-interaction models of SN\,2020zbf indicate that the progenitor mass at the time of explosion is between 2 and 5~${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$. Modeling the spectral energy distribution of the host galaxy reveals a host mass of 10${}^{8.7}$~${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$, a star formation rate of 0.24${}_{-0.12}^{+0.41}$~${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$~yr${}^{-1}$, and a metallicity of $\sim$ 0.4~${\mathrm{Z}}_{\odot }$.

Accepted in A&A. 26 pages, 22 figures