LOFAR discovery of the fastest-spinning millisecond pulsar in the Galactic field

Abstract

We report the discovery of PSR J0952$-$0607, a 707-Hz binary millisecond pulsar which is now the fastest-spinning neutron star known in the Galactic field (i.e., outside of a globular cluster). PSR J0952$-$0607 was found using LOFAR at a central observing frequency of 135 MHz, well below the 300 MHz to 3 GHz frequencies typically used in pulsar searches. The discovery is part of an ongoing LOFAR survey targeting unassociated Fermi Large Area Telescope ${\hat{I}}^3$-ray sources. PSR J0952$-$0607 is in a 6.42-hr orbit around a very low-mass companion ($M_{\mathrm{c}}\gtrsim 0.02$ M${}_{\odot }$) and we identify a strongly variable optical source, modulated at the orbital period of the pulsar, as the binary companion. The light curve of the companion varies by 1.6 mag from $r^{\prime }=22.2$ at maximum to $r^{\prime }>23.8$, indicating that it is irradiated by the pulsar wind. Swift observations place a 3-$\ddot{I}ƒ$ upper limit on the $0.3-10$ keV X-ray luminosity of $L_X<1.1\times 10^{31}$ erg s${}^{-1}$ (using the 0.97 kpc distance inferred from the dispersion measure). Though no eclipses of the radio pulsar are observed, the properties of the system classify it as a black widow binary. The radio pulsed spectrum of PSR J0952$-$0607, as determined through flux density measurements at 150 and 350 MHz, is extremely steep with $\hat{I}\pm \sim -3$ (where $S\propto \hat{I}{½}^{\hat{I}}\pm$). We discuss the growing evidence that the fastest-spinning radio pulsars have exceptionally steep radio spectra, as well as the prospects for finding more sources like PSR J0952$-$0607.

9 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, published in ApJ letters