papers

Publications (81)

cs.CL2025

Sigma: Differential Rescaling of Query, Key and Value for Efficient Language Models

Zhenghao Lin, Zihao Tang, Xiao Liu +31

We introduce Sigma, an efficient large language model specialized for the system domain, empowered by a novel architecture including DiffQKV attention, and pre-trained on our metic…

eess.SP2024

Harmonic and Interharmonic Detection in Power Systems Based on Fractal-Optimized Variational Mode Decomposition

Pei Yuhang, Yu Min, Yu Yan

The proposed method introduces a parameter determination approach based on the minimum Fractal box dimension (FBD) of Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) components, aiming to add…

cs.CL2024

Explainable Biomedical Hypothesis Generation via Retrieval Augmented Generation enabled Large Language Models

Alexander R. Pelletier, Joseph Ramirez, Irsyad Adam +6

The vast amount of biomedical information available today presents a significant challenge for investigators seeking to digest, process, and understand these findings effectively.…

cs.DB2023

QCFE: An efficient Feature engineering for query cost estimation

Yu Yan, Hongzhi Wang, Junfang Huang +5

Query cost estimation is a classical task for database management. Recently, researchers apply the AI-driven model to implement query cost estimation for achieving high accuracy. H…

quant-ph2026

Observation and Modulation of the Quantum Mpemba Effect on a Superconducting Quantum Processor

Yueshan Xu, Cai-Ping Fang, Bing-Jie Chen +33

In non-equilibrium quantum systems, the quantum Mpemba effect (QME) emerges as a counterintuitive phenomenon: systems exhibiting greater initial symmetry breaking restore symmetry…

math.AP2024

On Local Solutions of Second Order Quasi-linear Elliptic Systems with Arbitrary 1-Jet at a Point

Yifei Pan, Yu Yan

We prove a general result on the existence of local solutions of any second order quasi-linear elliptic system with arbitrary 1-jet at a point.

cs.CV2021

Factorisation-based Image Labelling

Yu Yan, Yael Balbastre, Mikael Brudfors +1

Segmentation of brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) into anatomical regions is a useful task in neuroimaging. Manual annotation is time consuming and expensive, so having a fully…

physics.optics2024

Gas pressure manipulation of exciton states in monolayer WS2

Shuangping Han, Pengyu Zan, Yu Yan +3

Over the past few decades, thin film optoelectronic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have made significant progress. However, the sensitivity of the exciton…

cs.CV2025

Watch Closely: Mitigating Object Hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models with Disentangled Decoding

Ruiqi Ma, Yu Yan, Chunhong Zhang +4

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) bridge the gap between visual and linguistic modalities, demonstrating strong potential across a variety of domains. However, despite significa…

cs.CV2023

Enhancing Mobile Face Anti-Spoofing: A Robust Framework for Diverse Attack Types under Screen Flash

Weihua Liu, Chaochao Lin, Yu Yan

Face anti-spoofing (FAS) is crucial for securing face recognition systems. However, existing FAS methods with handcrafted binary or pixel-wise labels have limitations due to divers…

cs.CY2024

Building an Ethical and Trustworthy Biomedical AI Ecosystem for the Translational and Clinical Integration of Foundational Models

Simha Sankar Baradwaj, Destiny Gilliland, Jack Rincon +9

Foundational Models (FMs) are gaining increasing attention in the biomedical AI ecosystem due to their ability to represent and contextualize multimodal biomedical data. These capa…

cs.CV2025

RT-DETRv4: Painlessly Furthering Real-Time Object Detection with Vision Foundation Models

Zijun Liao, Yian Zhao, Xin Shan +5

Real-time object detection has achieved substantial progress through meticulously designed architectures and optimization strategies. However, the pursuit of high-speed inference v…

cs.DB2021

Experience-Enhanced Learning: One Size Still does not Fit All in Automatic Database

Yu Yan, Hongzhi Wang, Jian Ma +2

Recent years, the database committee has attempted to develop automatic database management systems. Although some researches show that the applying AI to data management is a sign…

cs.CL2020

Tell Me How to Ask Again: Question Data Augmentation with Controllable Rewriting in Continuous Space

Dayiheng Liu, Yeyun Gong, Jie Fu +5

In this paper, we propose a novel data augmentation method, referred to as Controllable Rewriting based Question Data Augmentation (CRQDA), for machine reading comprehension (MRC),…

math.AP2026

On a Local Radial Rigidity Phenomenon of Elliptic Systems on Riemannian Manifolds

Yifei Pan, Yu Yan, Yuan Zhang

In this paper, we study local radial rigidity phenomena for a broad class of general-order elliptic systems on Riemannian manifolds via a reduction to singular ordinary differentia…

cs.CL2020

Clinical Temporal Relation Extraction with Probabilistic Soft Logic Regularization and Global Inference

Yichao Zhou, Yu Yan, Rujun Han +5

There has been a steady need in the medical community to precisely extract the temporal relations between clinical events. In particular, temporal information can facilitate a vari…

physics.optics2025

Noise-tolerant correlated coincidence imaging based on super-correlated light at 1550 nm

Yu Yan, Jiamin Li, Ruikang Li +7

Single-photon-level imaging at 1550 nm is a key driver for significant advancements in the next-generation laser detection technology. This cutting-edge approach plays a vital role…

math.CA2012

A Hopf's Lemma for Higher Order Differential Inequalities and Its Applications

Yifei Pan, Mei Wang, Yu Yan

We establish a sequential Hopf's Lemma for higher order differential inequalities in one variable and give some applications of this result.

cs.CL2026

SearchAttack: Red-Teaming LLMs against Knowledge-to-Action Threats under Online Web Search

Yu Yan, Sheng Sun, Mingfeng Li +6

Recently, people have suffered from LLM hallucination and have become increasingly aware of the reliability gap of LLMs in open and knowledge-intensive tasks. As a result, they hav…

cs.CL2025

GloSS over Toxicity: Understanding and Mitigating Toxicity in LLMs via Global Toxic Subspace

Zenghao Duan, Zhiyi Yin, Zhichao Shi +6

This paper investigates the underlying mechanisms of toxicity generation in Large Language Models (LLMs) and proposes an effective detoxification approach. Prior work typically con…

cs.DB2020

Index Selection for NoSQL Database with Deep Reinforcement Learning

Shun Yao, Hongzhi Wang, Yu Yan

We propose a new approach of NoSQL database index selection. For different workloads, we select different indexes and their different parameters to optimize the database performanc…

cond-mat.mtrl-sci2025

Lattice thermal conductivity of 16 elemental metals from molecular dynamics simulations with a unified neuroevolution potential

Shuo Cao, Ao Wang, Zheyong Fan +4

Metals play a crucial role in heat management in electronic devices, such as integrated circuits, making it vital to understand heat transport in elementary metals and alloys. In t…

cs.LG2026

Projecting Out the Malice: A Global Subspace Approach to LLM Detoxification

Zenghao Duan, Zhiyi Yin, Zhichao Shi +8

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit exceptional performance but pose inherent risks of generating toxic content, restricting their safe deployment. While traditional methods (e.g.…

cs.DB2025

CONCERTO: Complex Query Execution Mechanism-Aware Learned Cost Estimation

Kaixin Zhang, Hongzhi Wang, Kunkai Gu +4

With the growing demand for massive data analysis, many DBMSs have adopted complex underlying query execution mechanisms, including vectorized operators, parallel execution, and dy…

physics.app-ph2024

Out-of-Plane Polarization from Spin Reflection Induces Field-Free Spin-Orbit Torque Switching in Structures with Canted NiO Interfacial Moments

Zhe Zhang, Zhuoyi Li, Yuzhe Chen +9

Realizing deterministic current-induced spin-orbit torque (SOT) magnetization switching, especially in systems exhibiting perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), typically require…

cs.CR2026

Decision-Level Hijacking: Injecting Cognitive Bias into Large Language Models via Bit-Flip Attacks

Yu Yan, Jiahao Chen, Siqi Lu +6

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely applied in high-stakes decision-making scenarios such as corporate strategy, and users are increasingly relying on their outputs. Howe…

math.AP2023

Construction of Twice Differentiable Functions with Continuous Laplacian and Bounded Hessian

Yifei Pan, Yu Yan

We construct examples of twice differentiable functions in with continuous Laplacian and bounded Hessian. The same construction is also applicable to higher order di…

cs.DB2025

DistJoin: A Decoupled Join Cardinality Estimator based on Adaptive Neural Predicate Modulation

Kaixin Zhang, Hongzhi Wang, Ziqi Li +4

Research on learned cardinality estimation has made significant progress in recent years. However, existing methods still face distinct challenges that hinder their practical deplo…

math.DG2007

Uniform Estimates for the Constant Mean Curvature Solutions of the Vacuum Einstein Constraint Equations on Compact Manifolds

Yu Yan

We give some uniform estimates for constant mean curvature solutions of the conformal vacuum Einstein constraint equations on compact manifolds. Existence of those solutions was gi…

cs.DB2024

KnobCF: Uncertainty-aware Knob Tuning

Yu Yan, Junfang Huang, Hongzhi Wang +3

The knob tuning aims to optimize database performance by searching for the most effective knob configuration under a certain workload. Existing works suffer two significant problem…

math.CA2012

Uniqueness Theorems for Ordinary Differential Equations with Hölder Continuity

Yifei Pan, Mei Wang, Yu Yan

We study ordinary differential equations of the type with initial conditions and where ,…

cs.AI2026

Unified-MAS: Universally Generating Domain-Specific Nodes for Empowering Automatic Multi-Agent Systems

Hehai Lin, Yu Yan, Zixuan Wang +6

Automatic Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) generation has emerged as a promising paradigm for solving complex reasoning tasks. However, existing frameworks are fundamentally bottlenecked…

math.OC2020

S-DIGing: A Stochastic Gradient Tracking Algorithm for Distributed Optimization

Huaqing Li, Lifeng Zheng, Zheng Wang +3

In this paper, we study convex optimization problems where agents of a network cooperatively minimize the global objective function which consists of multiple local objective funct…

cond-mat.mtrl-sci2026

Antiferromagnetic Ordering Enhanced Magnetic Damping in Mn2Au/CoFeB Bilayers

Donghang Xie, Haozhe Wang, Zhe Zhang +12

Antiferromagnets (AFMs) hold significant potential for spintronic devices owing to their insensitivity to external magnetic fields and the absence of stray fields. Beyond these inh…

cs.LG2026

Jailbreak-as-a-Service++: Unveiling Distributed AI-Driven Malicious Information Campaigns Powered by LLM Crowdsourcing

Yu Yan, Sheng Sun, Mingfeng Li +6

To prevent the misuse of Large Language Models (LLMs) for malicious purposes, numerous efforts have been made to develop the safety alignment mechanisms of LLMs. However, as multip…

cs.CL2021

BANG: Bridging Autoregressive and Non-autoregressive Generation with Large Scale Pretraining

Weizhen Qi, Yeyun Gong, Jian Jiao +9

In this paper, we propose BANG, a new pretraining model to Bridge the gap between Autoregressive (AR) and Non-autoregressive (NAR) Generation. AR and NAR generation can be uniforml…

cs.CL2021

EL-Attention: Memory Efficient Lossless Attention for Generation

Yu Yan, Jiusheng Chen, Weizhen Qi +4

Transformer model with multi-head attention requires caching intermediate results for efficient inference in generation tasks. However, cache brings new memory-related costs and pr…

math.AP2022

Examples of Twice Differentiable Functions in with Continuous Laplacian and Unbounded Hessian

Yifei Pan, Yu Yan

We construct examples of twice differentiable functions in with continuous Laplacian and unbounded Hessian. The same construction is also applicable to higher order…

cs.DB2023

IWEK: An Interpretable What-If Estimator for Database Knobs

Yu Yan, Hongzhi Wang, Jian Geng +5

The knobs of modern database management systems have significant impact on the performance of the systems. With the development of cloud databases, an estimation service for knobs…

cs.CR2026

Red-teaming the Multimodal Reasoning: Jailbreaking Vision-Language Models via Cross-modal Entanglement Attacks

Yu Yan, Sheng Sun, Shengjia Cheng +3

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) with multimodal reasoning capabilities are high-value attack targets, given their potential for handling complex multimodal harmful tasks. Mainstream…

physics.app-ph2019

Electrically Tunable Wafer-Sized Three-Dimensional Topological Insulator Thin Films Grown by Magnetron Sputtering

Qixun Guo, Yu Wu, Longxiang Xu +18

Three-dimensional (3D) topological insulators (TIs) are candidate materials for various electronic and spintronic devices due to their strong spin-orbit coupling and unique surface…

cs.CL2025

Collaborative Stance Detection via Small-Large Language Model Consistency Verification

Yu Yan, Sheng Sun, Zixiang Tang +2

Stance detection on social media aims to identify attitudes expressed in tweets towards specific targets. Current studies prioritize Large Language Models (LLMs) over Small Languag…

cond-mat.mes-hall2017

Effect of Notch Structure on Magnetic Domain Movement in Planar Nanowires

Hua Ling, Junlin Wang, Xianyang Lu +8

We present the direct observation of magnetic domain motion in permalloy nanowires with notches using a wide-field Kerr microscopy technique. The domain wall motion can be modulate…

cs.CL2024

Xmodel-LM Technical Report

Yichuan Wang, Yang Liu, Yu Yan +3

We introduce Xmodel-LM, a compact and efficient 1.1B language model pre-trained on around 2 trillion tokens. Trained on our self-built dataset (Xdata), which balances Chinese and E…

cs.CV2026

MiniWorld: Democratizing the Training of Video World Models from Scratch

Yian Zhao, Ruochong Zheng, Hongcan Guo +3

Video world models predict future observations conditioned on historical observations and control signals, enabling long-horizon generation through autoregressive state transitions…

cs.CL2022

A Self-Paced Mixed Distillation Method for Non-Autoregressive Generation

Weizhen Qi, Yeyun Gong, Yelong Shen +6

Non-Autoregressive generation is a sequence generation paradigm, which removes the dependency between target tokens. It could efficiently reduce the text generation latency with pa…

math.DG2006

Some Compactness Results Related to Scalar Curvature Deformation

Yu Yan

Motivated by the prescribing scalar curvature problem, we study the equation on locally conformally flat manifolds with $…

quant-ph2025

Flexible Readout and Unconditional Reset for Superconducting Multi-Qubit Processors with Tunable Purcell Filters

Yong-Xi Xiao, Da'er Feng, Xu-Yang Gu +18

Achieving high-fidelity qubit readout and reset while preserving qubit coherence is essential for quantum error correction and other advanced quantum algorithms. Here, we design an…

cs.DB2025

ForeSight: A Predictive-Scheduling Deterministic Database

Junfang Huang, Yu Yan, Hongzhi Wang +2

Deterministic databases enable scalable replicated systems by executing transactions in a predetermined order. However, existing designs fail to capture transaction dependencies, l…

cs.DB2023

Duet: efficient and scalable hybriD neUral rElation undersTanding

Kaixin Zhang, Hongzhi Wang, Yabin Lu +4

Learned cardinality estimation methods have achieved high precision compared to traditional methods. Among learned methods, query-driven approaches have faced the workload drift pr…

cs.DB2022

AAE: An Active Auto-Estimator for Improving Graph Storage

Yu Yan, Man Yang, Hongzhi Wang +1

Nowadays, graph becomes an increasingly popular model in many real applications. The efficiency of graph storage is crucial for these applications. Generally speaking, the tune tas…

cs.RO2024

InstruGen: Automatic Instruction Generation for Vision-and-Language Navigation Via Large Multimodal Models

Yu Yan, Rongtao Xu, Jiazhao Zhang +3

Recent research on Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) indicates that agents suffer from poor generalization in unseen environments due to the lack of realistic training environme…

cs.CV2025

Scene Summarization: Clustering Scene Videos into Spatially Diverse Frames

Chao Chen, Mingzhi Zhu, Ankush Pratap Singh +3

Humans are remarkably efficient at forming spatial understanding from just a few visual observations. When browsing real estate or navigating unfamiliar spaces, they intuitively se…

cs.CR2025

Confusion is the Final Barrier: Rethinking Jailbreak Evaluation and Investigating the Real Misuse Threat of LLMs

Yu Yan, Sheng Sun, Zhe Wang +6

With the development of Large Language Models (LLMs), numerous efforts have revealed their vulnerabilities to jailbreak attacks. Although these studies have driven the progress in…

quant-ph2023

Tunable Coupling Architectures with Capacitively Connecting Pads for Large-Scale Superconducting Multi-Qubit Processors

Gui-Han Liang, Xiao-Hui Song, Cheng-Lin Deng +20

We have proposed and experimentally verified a tunable inter-qubit coupling scheme for large-scale integration of superconducting qubits. The key feature of the scheme is the inser…

cs.CL2020

ProphetNet: Predicting Future N-gram for Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training

Weizhen Qi, Yu Yan, Yeyun Gong +5

This paper presents a new sequence-to-sequence pre-training model called ProphetNet, which introduces a novel self-supervised objective named future n-gram prediction and the propo…

quant-ph2025

Prethermalization by Random Multipolar Driving on a 78-Qubit Superconducting Processor

Zheng-He Liu, Yu Liu, Gui-Han Liang +43

Time-dependent drives hold the promise of realizing non-equilibrium many-body phenomena that are absent in undriven systems. Yet, drive-induced heating normally destabilizes the sy…

math.DG2007

The Scalar Curvature Deformation Equation on Locally Conformally Flat Manifolds

Yu Yan

We study the equation on locally conformally flat compact manifolds . We prove the following: (i…

cs.NI2025

AI Reasoning for Wireless Communications and Networking: A Survey and Perspectives

Haoxiang Luo, Yu Yan, Yanhui Bian +9

Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques play a pivotal role in optimizing wireless communication networks. However, traditional deep learning approaches often act as closed boxes,…

cs.DB2025

SAM: A Stability-Aware Cache Manager for Multi-Tenant Embedded Databases

Haoran Zhang, Decheng Zuo, Yu Yan +2

The co-location of multiple database instances on resource constrained edge nodes creates significant cache contention, where traditional schemes are inefficient and unstable under…

cond-mat.mtrl-sci2016

Elementary specific spin and orbital moments of ultrathin CoFeB amorphous films on GaAs(100)

Yu Yan, Cong Lu, Hongqing Tu +12

Nanoscale CoFeB amorphous films have been synthesized on GaAs(100) and studied with X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We have fou…

cs.IR2020

ProphetNet-Ads: A Looking Ahead Strategy for Generative Retrieval Models in Sponsored Search Engine

Weizhen Qi, Yeyun Gong, Yu Yan +6

In a sponsored search engine, generative retrieval models are recently proposed to mine relevant advertisement keywords for users' input queries. Generative retrieval models genera…

quant-ph2025

Super-bunching light with giant high-order correlations and extreme multi-photon events

Chengbing Qin, Yuanyuan Li, Yu Yan +14

Non-classical light sources emitting bundles of N-photons with strong correlation represent versatile resources of interdisciplinary importance with applications ranging from funda…

cs.CL2021

ProphetNet-X: Large-Scale Pre-training Models for English, Chinese, Multi-lingual, Dialog, and Code Generation

Weizhen Qi, Yeyun Gong, Yu Yan +9

Now, the pre-training technique is ubiquitous in natural language processing field. ProphetNet is a pre-training based natural language generation method which shows powerful perfo…

cs.DB2021

Multi-SQL: An extensible multi-model data query language

Yu Yan, Nan Jiang, Hongzhi Wang +3

Big data management aims to establish data hubs that support data in multiple models and types in an all-around way. Thus, the multi-model database system is a promising architectu…

math.CA2025

On the Local Regularity of the Hilbert Transform

Yifei Pan, Jianfei Wang, Yu Yan

In this paper the local regularity of the Hilbert transform is considered, and local smoothness and real analyticity results are obtained.

cs.CL2021

FastSeq: Make Sequence Generation Faster

Yu Yan, Fei Hu, Jiusheng Chen +7

Transformer-based models have made tremendous impacts in natural language generation. However the inference speed is a bottleneck due to large model size and intensive computing in…

cs.CL2024

CliBench: A Multifaceted and Multigranular Evaluation of Large Language Models for Clinical Decision Making

Mingyu Derek Ma, Chenchen Ye, Yu Yan +4

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), especially Large Language Models (LLMs), into the clinical diagnosis process offers significant potential to improve the efficiency…

cs.CR2025

Has the Two-Decade-Old Prophecy Come True? Artificial Bad Intelligence Triggered by Merely a Single-Bit Flip in Large Language Models

Yu Yan, Siqi Lu, Yang Gao +4

Recently, Bit-Flip Attack (BFA) has garnered widespread attention for its ability to compromise software system integrity remotely through hardware fault injection. With the widesp…

cs.CV2026

CAST: Collapse-Aware multi-Scale Topology Fusion for Multimodal Coreset Selection

Boran Zhao, Hetian Liu, Zhenxian Hu +3

The training of large multimodal models fundamentally relies on massive image-text datasets, which inevitably incur prohibitive computational overhead. Dataset selection offers a p…

cs.IR2026

PosIR: Position-Aware Heterogeneous Information Retrieval Benchmark

Ziyang Zeng, Dun Zhang, Yu Yan +4

In real-world documents, the information relevant to a user query may reside anywhere from the beginning to the end. This makes position bias -- a systematic tendency of retrieval…

cs.CL2020

RikiNet: Reading Wikipedia Pages for Natural Question Answering

Dayiheng Liu, Yeyun Gong, Jie Fu +5

Reading long documents to answer open-domain questions remains challenging in natural language understanding. In this paper, we introduce a new model, called RikiNet, which reads W…

cs.CL2026

from Benign import Toxic: Jailbreaking the Language Model via Adversarial Metaphors

Yu Yan, Sheng Sun, Zenghao Duan +5

Current studies have exposed the risk of Large Language Models (LLMs) generating harmful content by jailbreak attacks. However, they overlook that the direct generation of harmful…

cs.CL2025

Na'vi or Knave: Jailbreaking Language Models via Metaphorical Avatars

Yu Yan, Sheng Sun, Junqi Tong +2

Metaphor serves as an implicit approach to convey information, while enabling the generalized comprehension of complex subjects. However, metaphor can potentially be exploited to b…

cs.CL2021

GLGE: A New General Language Generation Evaluation Benchmark

Dayiheng Liu, Yu Yan, Yeyun Gong +15

Multi-task benchmarks such as GLUE and SuperGLUE have driven great progress of pretraining and transfer learning in Natural Language Processing (NLP). These benchmarks mostly focus…

q-bio.BM2025

Platform for Representation and Integration of multimodal Molecular Embeddings

Erika Yilin Zheng, Yu Yan, Baradwaj Simha Sankar +8

Existing machine learning methods for molecular (e.g., gene) embeddings are restricted to specific tasks or data modalities, limiting their effectiveness within narrow domains. As…

cs.RO2025

Decoding RobKiNet: Insights into Efficient Training of Robotic Kinematics Informed Neural Network

Yanlong Peng, Zhigang Wang, Ziwen He +4

In robots task and motion planning (TAMP), it is crucial to sample within the robot's configuration space to meet task-level global constraints and enhance the efficiency of subseq…

quant-ph2026

Multimode Purcell Filter for Superconducting-Qubit Reset and Readout with Intrinsic Purcell Protection

Xu-Yang Gu, Da'er Feng, Zhen-Yu Peng +17

Efficient qubit reset and leakage reduction are essential for scalable superconducting quantum computing, particularly in the context of quantum error correction. However, such ope…

cs.DB2024

EMIT: Micro-Invasive Database Configuration Tuning

Jian Geng, Hongzhi Wang, Yu Yan

The process of database knob tuning has always been a challenging task. Recently, database knob tuning methods has emerged as a promising solution to mitigate these issues. However…

cs.RO2026

Cognitive Dual-Process Planning for Autonomous Driving with Structured Scene Knowledge and Verifiable Reasoning-Action Consistency

Zhongyao Yang, Haoyu Li, Yu Yan +3

High-level planning for autonomous driving is a knowledge-intensive engineering decision task that requires accurate scene understanding, timely inference, and internally consisten…

cs.CL2020

Diverse, Controllable, and Keyphrase-Aware: A Corpus and Method for News Multi-Headline Generation

Dayiheng Liu, Yeyun Gong, Jie Fu +6

News headline generation aims to produce a short sentence to attract readers to read the news. One news article often contains multiple keyphrases that are of interest to different…