Publications (37)
Enantiomer-Specific State Transfer of Chiral Molecules
Sandra Eibenberger, John Doyle, David Patterson
State-selective enantiomeric excess is realized using microwave-driven coherent population transfer. The method selectively promotes either R or S molecules to a higher rotational…
A Bright, Guided Molecular Beam With Hydrodynamic Enhancement
David Patterson, John M. Doyle
We realize a novel high flux source of cold atoms and molecules employing hydrodynamic enhancement of an effusive aperture at cryogenic temperatures. Molecular oxygen from the sour…
Shaping AI's Impact on Billions of Lives
Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar, Jeff Dean, Finale Doshi-Velez +6
Artificial Intelligence (AI), like any transformative technology, has the potential to be a double-edged sword, leading either toward significant advancements or detrimental outcom…
Fifty Years of ISCA: A data-driven retrospective on key trends
Gaurang Upasani, Matthew D. Sinclair, Adrian Sampson +5
Computer Architecture, broadly, involves optimizing hardware and software for current and future processing systems. Although there are several other top venues to publish Computer…
MLPerf Training Benchmark
Peter Mattson, Christine Cheng, Cody Coleman +34
Machine learning (ML) needs industry-standard performance benchmarks to support design and competitive evaluation of the many emerging software and hardware solutions for ML. But M…
Slow, Continuous Beams of Large Gas Phase Molecules
David Patterson, John M. Doyle
Cold, continuous, high flux beams of benzonitrile, fluorobenzine, and anisole have been created. Buffer-gas cooling with a cryogenic gas provides the cooling and slow forward beam…
Non-destructive inelastic recoil spectroscopy of a single molecular ion: a versatile tool toward precision action spectroscopy
Aaron Calvin, Scott Eierman, Zeyun Peng +5
We demonstrate a novel single molecule technique that is compatible with high precision measurements and obtain the spectrum of two molecular ion species. While the current result…
Search for the electric dipole moment of the electron with thorium monoxide
Amar C. Vutha, Wesley C. Campbell, Yulia V. Gurevich +8
The electric dipole moment of the electron (eEDM) is a signature of CP-violating physics beyond the Standard Model. We describe an ongoing experiment to measure or set improved lim…
Benchmarking TinyML Systems: Challenges and Direction
Colby R. Banbury, Vijay Janapa Reddi, Max Lam +14
Recent advancements in ultra-low-power machine learning (TinyML) hardware promises to unlock an entirely new class of smart applications. However, continued progress is limited by…
The Carbon Footprint of Machine Learning Training Will Plateau, Then Shrink
David Patterson, Joseph Gonzalez, Urs Hölzle +7
Machine Learning (ML) workloads have rapidly grown in importance, but raised concerns about their carbon footprint. Four best practices can reduce ML training energy by up to 100x…
In-Datacenter Performance Analysis of a Tensor Processing Unit
Norman P. Jouppi, Cliff Young, Nishant Patil +72
Many architects believe that major improvements in cost-energy-performance must now come from domain-specific hardware. This paper evaluates a custom ASIC---called a Tensor Process…
Direct Time-domain Observation of Conformational Relaxation in Gas-phase Cold Collisions
Garrett K. Drayna, Christian Hallas, Kenneth Wang +4
Cooling molecules in the gas phase is important for precision spectroscopy, cold molecule physics, and physical chemistry. Measurements of conformational relaxation cross sections…
Realization of Coherent Optically Dense Media via Buffer-Gas Cooling
Tao Hong, Alexey V. Gorshkov, David Patterson +4
We demonstrate that buffer-gas cooling combined with laser ablation can be used to create coherent optical media with high optical depth and low Doppler broadening that offers meta…
A Method for Preparation and Readout of Polyatomic Molecules in Single Quantum States
David Patterson
Polyatomic molecular ions contain many desirable attributes of a useful quantum system, including rich internal degrees of freedom and highly controllable coupling to the environme…
Continuous probe of cold complex molecules with infrared frequency comb spectroscopy
Ben Spaun, P. Bryan Changala, David Patterson +4
Cavity-enhanced frequency comb spectroscopy for molecule detection in the mid-infrared powerfully combines high resolution, high sensitivity, and broad spectral coverage. However,…
Rotationally Resolved Spectroscopy of a Single Polyatomic Molecule
Aaron Calvin, Merrell Brzeczek, Samuel Kresch +4
We report the rotationally resolved spectrum of a single polyatomic molecular ion in the gas phase. Building upon the recently developed inelastic recoil spectroscopy (IRS) techniq…
SMaSH: A Benchmarking Toolkit for Human Genome Variant Calling
Ameet Talwalkar, Jesse Liptrap, Julie Newcomb +7
Motivation: Computational methods are essential to extract actionable information from raw sequencing data, and to thus fulfill the promise of next-generation sequencing technology…
Life-Cycle Emissions of AI Hardware: A Cradle-To-Grave Approach and Generational Trends
Ian Schneider, Hui Xu, Stephan Benecke +4
Specialized hardware accelerators aid the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), and their efficiency impacts AI's environmental sustainability. This study presents the…
Spin coherence and optical properties of alkali-metal atoms in solid parahydrogen
Sunil Upadhyay, Ugne Dargyte, Vsevolod D. Dergachev +5
We present a joint experimental and theoretical study of spin coherence properties of 39K, 85Rb, 87Rb, and 133Cs atoms trapped in a solid parahydrogen matrix. We use optical pumpin…
Automated, context-free assignment of asymmetric rotor microwave spectra
Lia Yeh, Lincoln Satterthwaite, David Patterson
We present a new algorithm, Robust Automated Assignment of Rigid Rotors (RAARR), for assigning rotational spectra of asymmetric tops. The RAARR algorithm can automatically assign e…
High Sensitivity Microwave Spectroscopy in a Cryogenic Buffer Gas Cell
Jessica P. Porterfield, Lincoln Satterthwaite, Sandra Eibenberger +2
We describe an instrument which can be used to analyze complex chemical mixtures at high resolution and high sensitivity. Molecules are collisionally cooled with helium gas at cryo…
Sensitive Chiral Analysis via Microwave Three-wave Mixing
David Patterson, John M. Doyle
We demonstrate chirality-induced three-wave mixing in the microwave regime, using rotational transitions in cold gas-phase samples of 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-butanediol. We show th…
Intense Atomic and Molecular Beams via Neon Buffer Gas Cooling
David Patterson, Julia Rasmussen, John M. Doyle
We realize a continuous guided beam of cold deuterated ammonia with a flux of 3e11 ND3 molecules/s and a continuous free-space beam of cold potassium with a flux of 1e16 K atoms/s.…
Enhanced spin coherence of rubidium atoms in solid parahydrogen
Sunil Upadhyay, Ugne Dargyte, Robert P. Prater +5
We measure the transverse relaxation of the spin state of an ensemble of ground-state rubidium atoms trapped in solid parahydrogen at cryogenic temperatures. We find the spin depha…
The Sky Above The Clouds
Sarah Chasins, Alvin Cheung, Natacha Crooks +14
Technology ecosystems often undergo significant transformations as they mature. For example, telephony, the Internet, and PCs all started with a single provider, but in the United…
Google's Training Supercomputers from TPU v2 to Ironwood: Architectural Stability, Scale, Resilience, Power Efficiency, and Sustainability Across Five Generations
Norman P. Jouppi, Sridhar Lakshmanamurthy, Cliff Young +1
This paper (to appear in the July/August 2026 issue of IEEE Micro magazine) summarizes five generations of Google s TPUs, from TPU v2 to Ironwood, highlighting their evolution as s…
SCADS: Scale-Independent Storage for Social Computing Applications
Michael Armbrust, Armando Fox, David Patterson +4
Collaborative web applications such as Facebook, Flickr and Yelp present new challenges for storing and querying large amounts of data. As users and developers are focused more on…
Cold heteromolecular dipolar collisions
Brian C. Sawyer, Benjamin K. Stuhl, Mark Yeo +7
We present the first experimental observation of cold collisions between two different species of neutral polar molecules, each prepared in a single internal quantum state. Combini…
Distributed-Memory Breadth-First Search on Massive Graphs
Aydin Buluc, Scott Beamer, Kamesh Madduri +2
This chapter studies the problem of traversing large graphs using the breadth-first search order on distributed-memory supercomputers. We consider both the traditional level-synchr…
Challenges and Research Directions for Large Language Model Inference Hardware
Xiaoyu Ma, David Patterson
Large Language Model (LLM) inference is hard. The autoregressive Decode phase of the underlying Transformer model makes LLM inference fundamentally different from training. Exacerb…
Carbon Emissions and Large Neural Network Training
David Patterson, Joseph Gonzalez, Quoc Le +6
The computation demand for machine learning (ML) has grown rapidly recently, which comes with a number of costs. Estimating the energy cost helps measure its environmental impact a…
TPU v4: An Optically Reconfigurable Supercomputer for Machine Learning with Hardware Support for Embeddings
Norman P. Jouppi, George Kurian, Sheng Li +11
In response to innovations in machine learning (ML) models, production workloads changed radically and rapidly. TPU v4 is the fifth Google domain specific architecture (DSA) and it…
A Berkeley View of Systems Challenges for AI
Ion Stoica, Dawn Song, Raluca Ada Popa +11
With the increasing commoditization of computer vision, speech recognition and machine translation systems and the widespread deployment of learning-based back-end technologies suc…
Faster and More Accurate Sequence Alignment with SNAP
Matei Zaharia, William J. Bolosky, Kristal Curtis +6
We present the Scalable Nucleotide Alignment Program (SNAP), a new short and long read aligner that is both more accurate (i.e., aligns more reads with fewer errors) and 10-100x fa…
Measuring the environmental impact of delivering AI at Google Scale
Cooper Elsworth, Keguo Huang, David Patterson +9
The transformative power of AI is undeniable - but as user adoption accelerates, so does the need to understand and mitigate the environmental impact of AI serving. However, no stu…
The GAP Benchmark Suite
Scott Beamer, Krste AsanoviÄ, David Patterson
We present a graph processing benchmark suite with the goal of helping to standardize graph processing evaluations. Fewer differences between graph processing evaluations will make…
Ultralong spin coherence times for rubidium atoms in solid parahydrogen via dynamical decoupling
Sunil Upadhyay, Ugne Dargyte, David Patterson +1
Coherence time is an essential parameter for quantum sensing, quantum information, and quantum computation. In this work, we demonstrate electron spin coherence times as long as 0.…